Acanthizidae
The Acanthizidae, also known as the Australasian warblers, are a family of passerine birds which include gerygones, thornbills, and scrubwrens. The Acanthizidae consists of small to medium passerine birds, with a total length varying between 8 and 19 centimetres (3.1 and 7.5 in). They have short rounded wings, slender bills, long legs, and a short tail. Most species have olive, grey, or brown plumage, although some have patches of a brighter yellow. The weebill is the smallest species of acanthizid, and the smallest Australian passerine; the largest is the pilotbird.
| Acanthizidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Brown thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Superfamily: | Meliphagoidea |
| Family: | Acanthizidae Sundevall, 1872 |
| Genera | |
|
14, see list | |
Taxonomy and systematics
Following the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy (1990) they were previously regarded as subfamily Acanthizinae within the family Pardalotidae. However, more recent molecular genetic studies do not support this arrangement. The Dasyornithidae (which include the bristlebirds) are variously seen either as subfamily Dasyornithinae within the family Acanthizidae or Pardalotidae or as own family (Schodde & Mason 1999).
List of genera
The family contains 66 species divided in 15 genera.[1]
- Pachycare – goldenface
- Oreoscopus – fernwren
- Acanthornis – scrubtit
- Smicrornis – weebill
- Calamanthus – fieldwrens (3 species)
- Hylacola – heathwrens (2 species)
- Pycnoptilus – pilotbird
- Pyrrholaemus – (2 species)
- Origma – (3 species)
- Neosericornis – yellow-throated scrubwren
- Aethomyias – scrubwrens (6 species)
- Sericornis – scrubwrens (8 species)
- Gerygone – gerygones (19 species, one now extinct)
- Acanthiza – thornbills (14 species)
- Aphelocephala – whitefaces (3 species)
Distribution and habitat
Acanthizids are native to Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, and the southwest Pacific. Most species are found in Australia and New Guinea, with Australia having thirty-five endemic species and New Guinea fifteen. A single species is found in Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, and three species occur in the New Zealand region, including endemic species in the Chatham Islands and Norfolk Island. In Asia two species are restricted to Indonesia and another is found in the Philippines and on mainland Asia. Most species are sedentary, with the exception of the gerygones. The family occupies a range of habitats from rainforests to arid deserts.
Behaviour and ecology
Most species are terrestrial, feeding primarily on insects, although also eating some seeds. In particular the whitefaces consume large numbers of seeds, and other species will take fruits. The secretions of sap-sucking insects are favoured by some species, as are the insects themselves. Some species are less terrestrial, such as the weebill, which forages in the treetops, or the rock-dwelling rockwarbler. Rainforest species lay one to two eggs in a clutch, and species in the deserts and Tasmania lay three to four. Acanthizids are unusual for passerines in their long incubation periods, which rival those of large songbirds like the Corvidae.[2] Also, despite their long incubation period hatching is completely synchronous and within-brood mortality completely absent. Acanthizids are relatively long-lived, with many species living to over ten years of age in the wild[3] and cooperative breeding is found in the weebill and with a lesser degree of development in all whitefaces and most species of Sericornis[4] and Acanthiza.[5]
Status and conservation
Most taxa are considered as least concern. One species – the Lord Howe gerygone (Gerygone insularis) – became extinct by rat predation in the early 1930s. The Norfolk Island gerygone (Gerygone modesta) is vulnerable, and the chestnut-breasted whiteface (Aphelocephala pectoralis) is regarded as near threatened.
White-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis)
Large-billed gerygone (Gerygone magnirostris)
Brown gerygone (Gerygone mouki)
Weebill (Smicrornis brevirostris)
Speckled warbler (Chthonicola sagittatus)
Shy heathwren (Hylacola cauta)
Yellow thornbill (Acanthiza nana)
References
- Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Bristlebirds, pardalotes, Australasian warblers". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- Ricklefs, R.E.; “Sibling competition, hatching asynchrony, incubation period, and lifespan in altricial birds”; in Power, Dennis M. (editor); Current Ornithology. Vol. 11. ISBN 9780306439902
- Garnett, Stephen (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 197. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
- Gardner, Janet; “Life In the Slow Lane: Reproductive Life History of the White-Browed Scrubwren, An Australian Endemic” in The Auk; 117(2), 479–489 (2000)
- See “Old endemics and new invaders: alternative strategies of passerines for living in the Australian environment”
Further reading
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acanthizidae. |
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Wikispecies has information related to Acanthizidae. |
- Christidis, L., and W.E. Boles. 1994. The taxonomy and species of Birds of Australia and its territories. R.A.O.U. Monograph 2: 1–112.
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2
- Mason, Ian J. & Schodde, Richard. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. ISBN 978-0-643-06456-0
- Sibley, C.G., and J.E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 978-0-300-04085-2