Accipiter

Accipiter is a genus of birds of prey in the family Accipitridae. With 51 recognized species it is the most diverse genus in its family. Most species are called goshawks or sparrowhawks, although almost all New World species (excepting the northern goshawk) are simply known as hawks. They can be anatomically distinguished from their relatives by the lack of a procoracoid foramen. Two small and aberrant species usually placed here do possess a large procoracoid foramen and are also distinct as regards DNA sequence. They may warrant separation in the old genus Hieraspiza.[1]

Accipiter
Collared sparrowhawk, Kobble Creek (Queensland, Australia)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Accipitrinae
Genus: Accipiter
Brisson, 1760
Synonyms

Hieraspiza Kaup, 1844 (but see text)

Extant accipiters range in size from the little sparrowhawk (A. minullus), in which the smallest males measure 20 cm (7.9 in) long, span 39 cm (15 in) across the wings and weigh 68 g (2.4 oz), to the northern goshawk (A. gentilis), in which the largest females measure 64 cm (25 in) long, span 127 cm (50 in) across the wings, and weigh 2.2 kg (4.9 lb).[2] These birds are slender with short, broad, rounded wings and a long tail which helps them maneuver in flight. They have long legs and long, sharp talons used to kill their prey, and a sharp, hooked bill used in feeding. Females tend to be larger than males. They often ambush their prey, mainly small birds and mammals, capturing them after a short chase. The typical flight pattern is a series of flaps followed by a short glide. They are commonly found in wooded or shrubby areas.

The genus Accipiter was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) as the type species.[3][4] The name is Latin for "hawk", from accipere, "to grasp".[5]

Procoracoid foramen

The procoracoid foramen (or coracoid foramen, coracoid fenestra) is a hole through the process at the front of the coracoid bone, which accommodates the supracoracoideus nerve. In some groups of birds it may be present as a notch, or incisura; or the notch may be partially or weakly closed with bone. In other groups the feature is completely absent.

The foramen is generally present in birds of prey, but it is absent in most Accipiter hawks that have been studied. This absence is proposed as a diagnostic feature.

A study of accipitrid skeletons found procoracoid incisurae (as opposed to foramina) in some specimens of the eagles Aquila gurneyi and A. chrysaetos, but not in four other Aquila species. The notch was variably open or weakly ossified in Spizastur melanoleucos, Lophoaetus occipitalis, Spizaetus ornatus, and Stephanoaetus coronatus. Also the buteonine hawks Buteo brachyurus and B. hemilasius had incisurae, differing from 17 other Buteo species.[6]

In Circus the foramen was found to be variable, not only within species but even between sides in the same individual. It is usually open or absent but may be closed by "a thread of bone". Research in genetic phylogeny has since indicated that Circus is closely related to Accipiter.

The notch was also absent or indistinct in Harpagus bidentatus.

Urotriorchis macrourus has a well-developed procoracoid foramen, which suggests a separation from Accipiter. It may be related to the chanting goshawks in tribe Melieraxini.[7]

Genetic phylogeny


Analysis of molecular genetics indicates that Accipiter is paraphyletic to the Circus harriers, even though the two groups differ in hunting habits and body shape.[8] There are three or four clades of Accipiter, with Circus, Megatriorchis and Erythrotriorchis intermixed.

John Boyd proposes splitting Accipiter into four separate genera: Aerospiza, Tachyspiza, Accipiter, and Astur.[9] In this scheme Tachyspiza has the most species, and a reduced Accipiter would have only six: Eurasian sparrowhawk (A. nisus, type species), rufous-breasted sparrowhawk (A. rufiventris), sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus), white-breasted hawk (A. chionogaster), plain-breasted hawk (A. ventralis), rufous-thighed hawk (A. erythronemius).

List of Accipiter species

There are 51 species in the Accipiter genus.[10]

Common name[lower-alpha 1] Scientific name [lower-alpha 2] IUCN Red List Status Distribution Picture
Status Trend Population[lower-alpha 3]
Tiny hawk Accipiter superciliosus
(Linnaeus, 1766)		 LC IUCN[11] 670 - 6,700
Semicollared hawk Accipiter collaris
Sclater, 1860		 NT IUCN[12] 1,500 - 7,000
Crested goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus
(Temminck, 1824)		 LC IUCN[13]
Sulawesi goshawk Accipiter griseiceps
(Schlegel, 1862)		 LC IUCN[14]
Grey-bellied hawk Accipiter poliogaster
(Temminck, 1824)		 NT IUCN[15] 1,000 - 10,000
Red-chested goshawk Accipiter toussenelii
(J. Verreaux, E. Verreaux, and Des Murs, 1855)		 LC IUCN[16]
African goshawk Accipiter tachiro
(Daudin, 1800)		 LC IUCN[17]
Chestnut-flanked sparrowhawk Accipiter castanilius
Bonaparte, 1853		 LC IUCN[18]
Shikra Accipiter badius
Gmelin, 1788		 LC IUCN[19] 500,000 - 999,999
Nicobar sparrowhawk Accipiter butleri
(Gurney, 1898)		 VU IUCN[20] 2,500 - 5,000
Levant sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes
(Severtzov, 1850)		 LC IUCN[21] 10,000 - 19,999
Chinese sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis
(Horsfield, 1821)		 LC IUCN[22] 100,000 - 499,999
Frances's sparrowhawk Accipiter francesiae
Smith, 1834		 LC IUCN[23]
Spot-tailed sparrowhawk Accipiter trinotatus
Bonaparte, 1850		 LC IUCN[24]
Grey goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae
(Gmelin, 1788)		 LC IUCN[25] 2,500 - 9,999
Variable goshawk Accipiter hiogaster
(PLS Müller, 1841)		 LC IUCN[26]
Brown goshawk Accipiter fasciatus
(Vigors and Horsfield, 1827)		 LC IUCN[27]
Black-mantled goshawk Accipiter melanochlamys
(Salvadori, 1875)		 LC IUCN[28] 670 - 6,700
Pied goshawk Accipiter albogularis
Gray, 1870		 LC IUCN[29] 670 - 6,700
White-bellied goshawk Accipiter haplochrous
Sclater, 1859		 NT IUCN[30] 1,500 - 7,000
Fiji goshawk Accipiter rufitorques
(Peale, 1848)		 LC IUCN[31] 670 - 6,700
Moluccan goshawk Accipiter henicogrammus
(G.R. Gray, 1860)		 NT IUCN[32] 2,500 - 9,999
Slaty-mantled goshawk Accipiter luteoschistaceus
Rothschild & Hartert, 1926		 VU IUCN[33] 1,000 - 2,499
Imitator goshawk Accipiter imitator
Hartert, 1926		 VU IUCN[34]
250 - 999
Grey-headed goshawk Accipiter poliocephalus
(Gray, 1858)		 LC IUCN[35]
New Britain goshawk Accipiter princeps
Mayr, 1934		 VU IUCN[36] 2,500 - 9,999
Red-thighed sparrowhawk Accipiter erythropus
(Hartlaub, 1855)		 LC IUCN[37]
Little sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus
(Daudin, 1800)[38]		 LC IUCN[39]
Japanese sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)		 LC IUCN[40]
Besra Accipiter virgatus
Temminck, 1822		 LC IUCN[41] 20,000 - 200,000
Dwarf sparrowhawk Accipiter nanus
(Blasius, 1897)		 NT IUCN[42]
Rufous-necked sparrowhawk Accipiter erythrauchen
Gray, 1861		 NT IUCN[43] 670 - 6,700
Collared sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus
Vieillot, 1817		 LC IUCN[44]
New Britain sparrowhawk Accipiter brachyurus
Ramsay, 1879		 VU IUCN[45] 1,000 - 2,499
Vinous-breasted sparrowhawk Accipiter rhodogaster
(Schlegel, 1862)		 LC IUCN[46] 670 - 6,700
Madagascan sparrowhawk Accipiter madagascariensis
Smith, 1834		 NT IUCN[47] 3,300 - 6,700
Ovambo sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis
Gurney, 1875		 LC IUCN[48]
Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus
(Linnaeus, 1758)		 LC IUCN[49] 2,200,000 - 3,300,000
Rufous-chested sparrowhawk Accipiter rufiventris
Smith, 1830		 LC IUCN[50]
Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus
Vieillot, 1808		 LC IUCN[51]
White-breasted hawk Accipiter chionogaster
Kaup, 1852
Plain-breasted hawk Accipiter ventralis
PL Sclater, 1866
Rufous-thighed hawk Accipiter erythronemius
Kaup, 1850
Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii
(Bonaparte, 1828)		 LC IUCN[52]
Gundlach's hawk Accipiter gundlachi
Lawrence, 1860		 EN IUCN[53] 700 - 900
Bicolored hawk Accipiter bicolor
(Vieillot, 1817)		 LC IUCN[54] Unknown 20,000 - 49,999
Chilean hawk Accipiter chilensis
Philippi & Landbeck, 1864
Black sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus
Smith, 1830		 LC IUCN[55]
Henst's goshawk Accipiter henstii
(Schlegel, 1873)		 NT IUCN[56] 670 - 1,500
Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis
(Linnaeus, 1758)		 LC IUCN[57] Unknown 1,000,000 - 2,499,999
Meyer's goshawk Accipiter meyerianus
(Sharpe, 1878)		 LC IUCN[58] 670 - 6,700

Extinct species

Notes
  1. 51 Accipiter species are listed according to the IOC World Bird List.[10] One species, Lesser Sundas goshawk, which is listed in the IUCN redlist but not the IOC World Bird List is excluded.
  2. A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Accipiter.
  3. Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild.

References
  1. Olson (2006)
  2. Raptors of the World by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
  3. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, espéces & leurs variétés (in French). Volume 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 28, 310.
  4. Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 323.
  5. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. Olson, Storrs (1988). "Variation in the procoracoid foramen in the Accipitridae" (PDF). Riv. Ital. Orn. 57 (3–4): 161–164. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  7. Boyd, John. "Afroaves", Taxonomy in Flux Checklist
  8. Boyd cites the following sources for the embedding of Circus: Kocum (2006), Griffiths et al. (2007), Lerner et al. (2008), and Nagy and Tökölyi (2014)
  9. His species-level arrangement is based on: Wink and Sauer-Gürth (2004), Breman et al. (2013), Barrowclough et al. (2014), Nagy and Tökölyi (2014) and Kocum (2006)
  10. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks, eagles". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  11. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter superciliosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  12. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  13. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter trivirgatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  14. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter griseiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  15. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter poliogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  16. BirdLife International (2014). "Accipiter toussenelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  17. "African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro". Birdlife International. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  18. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter castanilius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  19. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter badius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  20. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter butleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  21. BirdLife International (2013). "Accipiter brevipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  22. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter soloensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  23. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter francesiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  24. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter trinotatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  25. BirdLife International (2014). "Accipiter novaehollandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  26. BirdLife International (2014). "Accipiter hiogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  27. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  28. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter melanochlamys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  29. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter albogularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  30. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter haplochrous". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  31. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter rufitorques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  32. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter henicogrammus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  33. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter luteoschistaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  34. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter imitator". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  35. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter poliocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  36. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter princeps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  37. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter erythropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  38. "Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus (Daudin, 1800)". Avibase. Deni Lepage. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  39. BirdLife International (2016). "Accipiter minullus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695581A93517052. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695581A93517052.en. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  40. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter gularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  41. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter virgatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  42. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter nanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  43. BirdLife International (2014). "Accipiter erythrauchen". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  44. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter cirrocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  45. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  46. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter rhodogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  47. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  48. "Accipiter ovampensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  49. BirdLife International (2013). "Accipiter nisus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  50. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter rufiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012.
  51. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter striatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  52. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter cooperii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  53. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter gundlachi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  54. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  55. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter melanoleucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  56. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter henstii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  57. BirdLife International (2013). "Accipiter gentilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  58. BirdLife International (2012). "Accipiter meyerianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  59. Balouet, J.C.; Olson, Storrs L. (1989). "Fossil birds from Late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 469 (469): 6–7. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.469. S2CID 129928825.

Further reading
  • Balete, Danilo S.; Tabaranza, Blas R. Jr. & Heaney, Lawrence R. (2006): An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Camiguin Island, Philippines. Fieldiana Zool. New Series 106: 58–72. DOI:10.3158/0015-0754(2006)106[58:AACOTB]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
  • Heaney, Lawrence R. & Tabaranza, Blas R. Jr. (2006): Mammal and Land Bird Studies on Camiguin Island, Philippines: Background and Conservation Priorities. Fieldiana Zool. New Series 106: 1-13. DOI:10.3158/0015-0754(2006)106[1:MALBSO]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
  • Olson, Storrs L. (2006): Reflections on the systematics of Accipiter and the genus for Falco superciliosus Linnaeus. Bull. B.O.C. 126: 69–70. PDF fulltext. Archived copy.
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