Actor Ichikawa Shiko as Kato Yomoshichi (Gosotei Hirosada)

Actor Ichikawa Shikō as Katō Yomoshichi from the series Tales of Retainers of Unswerving Loyalty is an ukiyo-e woodblock print by Osaka-based late Edo period print designer Gosōtei Hirosada (五粽亭廣貞) (fl. c. 1819-1863). Each of the three sheets contains a different version of the same image, reflecting progressive stages in the woodblock printing process. The print is a portrait of a contemporary kabuki actor in the role of a samurai, and belongs to a series of images of heroes. The print belongs to the permanent collection of the Prince Takamado Gallery of Japanese Art in the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada.

Actor Ichikawa Shikō as Katō Yomoshichi from the series Tales of Retainers of Unswerving Loyalty
Three versions from the series Tales of Retainers of Unswerving Loyalty (c. 1848)
ArtistGosōtei Hirosada
Yearc. 1848
Typenishiki-e woodblock print, ink and color on paper
Dimensions23.8 cm × 16.3 cm (9​3⁄8 in × 6​7⁄16 in)
Conditionon display (November 2013 –)
LocationRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto
OwnerRoyal Ontario Museum
Accession994.56.1-3
  • Medium: kamigata nishiki-e (上方錦絵) woodblock print; ink and colour on paper
  • Size: chūban (中判)
  • Format: 3 ichimai-e (一枚絵) single sheet prints
  • Genre: kabuki-e (歌舞伎絵), yakusha-e (役者絵) actor print, ōkubi-e (大首絵) large head portrait
  • Japanese title: 「忠烈義士伝」 「加藤与茂七」 [Chūretsu gishiden Katō Yomoshichi]
  • Exhibit title: Actor Ichikawa Shikō as Katō Yomoshichi from the series Tales of Retainers of Unswerving Loyalty in 3 versions
  • Date: c. 1848
  • Inscription: none
  • Signature: 廣貞 [Hirosada] in upper half along right edge
  • Publisher's mark: none visible
  • Censor seal: none
  • Date seal: none
  • Credit line: none

Artist

Despite his status as "the most important and prolific mid-nineteenth century Osaka designer,"[1] little is known of Hirosada's personal details. The few biographies listing his life dates identify his birth year as unknown and that of his death as 1864[2] or 1865.[3] Art historians link his activity to between 1810 and 1865.[4] He has been acknowledged as "the central figure of mid-nineteenth century Osaka printmaking."[5] He was very prolific, producing predominantly kabuki-e and yakusha-e chūban prints. He is particularly known for his ōkubi-e (lit. "large head") portraits of leading Osaka actors such as this print.

Hirosada used a number of gō art names throughout his career, including Gosōtei Hirosada (五粽亭廣貞), Konishi Hirosada (小西廣貞) and Utagawa Hirosada (歌川廣貞). He apparently began his career as Hirokuni (廣國/ 広国), switching to Hirosada in mid-1847.[6] Some have suggested that Hirosada and his contemporary Utagawa Sadahiro (歌川貞廣) (fl. 1830-1847) were the same person; however, this remains unproven.[7]

Subject

Ichikawa Shikō III

As with Hirosada, little is known about the personal life of Ichikawa Shikō (市川市紅). He was born the son of a carpenter, but became the student then adopted son of kabuki actor Ichikawa Danzō V (市川団蔵). He was known by various names during his career including the following:

  • Stage names
    • Ichikawa Morinosuke II (市川森之助)
    • Ichikawa Danzaburō VI (市川段三郎) (1/1844-1/1846)
    • Ichikawa Shikō III (市川市紅) (1/1846-8/1850)
    • Ichikawa Tōshō (市川当升/ 市川當升) (8/1850-?)
  • Yagō guild name
    • Mikawaya (三河屋)
  • Haimyō poetry name
    • Shikō (市紅)
    • Tōshō (当升/ 當升)

The last known mention of his name in print is in 1851, so it is presumed that he died in this year or soon after.[8]

Kanadehon Chūshingura

This print and the several others in the series from which it is taken depict characters from a staging of the play Kanadehon Chūshingura (仮名手本忠臣蔵) performed in Osaka in the third month of 1848. The play was originally written for the bunraku puppet theatre by Takeda Izumo II, Miyoshi Shōraku and Namiki Senryū I in 1748, and adapted for kabuki later that year.[9] It remains one of the most famous and popular plays in the kabuki repertoire.[10]

A jidaimono historical drama, the play tells the ostensibly true and pervasively enduring story of a 1702 incident known as the Akō Affair, in which 47 loyal retainers of a wronged lord avenged his death then committed ritual seppuku suicide.[11] The story of the 47 ronin has long been repeated and romanticized as an idealization of the bushido ethos, and held particular appeal during the latter half of the Tokugawa era [12] despite, or perhaps in part due to, strict censorship imposed on re-tellings of the incident by the shogunate.[13]

Series

The print belongs to a series of six known prints translated as Tales of Retainers of Unswerving Loyalty or The Exemplary Loyalty of the Faithful Samurai. Like the characters from the play depicted in each image from the series, Katō Yomoshichi is one of the loyal retainers of the provincial lord Enya Hangan.[14] The others are as follows:

  • "Actor Arashi Rikaku II (嵐璃珏) as Yazama Jūtarō (矢間十太郎)".

Hirosada produced multiple albums of this type portraying popular actors of the day as heroic warriors, including 忠孝武勇伝 (Chūka buyūden) ("Tales of Loyalty and Filial Devotion") and 高名武勇伝 (Kōmei buyūden) ("Tales of Brave Warriors of Renown" or "Tales of Renowned Heroes"), both issued in 1848. Doesburg has argued that such collections are attempts to circumvent censorship of kabuki-themed ukiyo-e under the Tenpō Reforms by cloaking the dramatic content within titles suggesting the promotion of moral values and "suggesting that the portraits were actually representations of famous men and women from history and legend".

Medium and genre
Character name cartouche (l) and series title (r) detail

Kamigata-e

Gosōtei Hirosada's works are categorized as kamigata-e (上方絵), a term used to distinguish prints produced in the Kamigata area (Kyoto and Osaka) from those produced in Edo.[15] Gaining prominence about a century after the emergence of ukiyo-e in Edo,[16] kamigata-e were predominantly kabuki-e (歌舞伎絵) (images of kabuki actors),[17] and were produced almost exclusively by amateur “talented kabuki fans” promoting their favourite actors.[18]

Kabuki-e

Literally 'kabuki pictures', kabuki-e began to be produced in Edo in the late seventeenth century.[19] As kabuki grew in popularity, stars emerged, which in turn led to the yakusha-e (役者絵) (actor print) subgenre.[20] Further subgenres of yakusha-e include ōkubi-e (大首絵) bust portraits, zenshin-zu (全身図) full-length portraits, mitate-e (見立絵) parody pictures, and shini-e (死に絵) death portraits.[21]

Ōkubi-e

Ōkubi-e prints, also known as ōgao-e (大顔絵), are close-up ukiyo-e head shots of actors or beautiful women. Hirosada's print bears many of the typical marks of this genre including the plain background, the dramatic posing of the hands and arms, and the emphasis on facial features and make-up.[22] Hirosada is particularly associated with this genre of print due to both the number and quality of works of this type that he produced.

Copies in other collections

See also

Notes
  1. Keyes & Mizushima 1973, 210
  2. Gerstle 2005, 302
  3. Roberts 1980, 44; Keyes & Mizushima 1973, 210
  4. Ronin Gallery: 1810-1864, Faulkner: 1819-1865, Keyes & Mizushima: 1826?-1863 (210), Gerstle: c.1819?-1863 (2002, 346) and c.1823?-(2005, 302)
  5. Fiorillo "Konishi Hirosada"
  6. Fiorillo "Konishi Hirosada"
  7. Keyes 1973,210
  8. Shōriya "Ichikawa Danzaburō"
  9. Shōriya "Kanadehon Chūshingura"
  10. Smith 2003, 21
  11. Blomberg 2006, 167
  12. Bell 2001, 2
  13. Smith 2003, 23
  14. Bell 2001, 148
  15. JAANUS, "Kamigata-e"
  16. Kitagawa 2005, 229
  17. Other names for this genre are: shibai-e (芝居絵), gekijou-e (劇場絵), gekiga (劇画).(JAANUS "yakusha-e")
  18. Kitagawa 2005, 230
  19. JAANUS "kabuki-e"
  20. JAANUS "yakusha-e"
  21. JAANUS "kabuki-e"
  22. JAANUS "ookubi-e"

References
  • Bell, David (2001), Chushingura and the Floating World: The Representation of Kanadehon Chushingura in Ukiyo-e Prints, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, ISBN 190335000X
  • Blomberg, Catharina (2006), The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan, Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, ISBN 9781134240265
  • Fiorillo, John, Hirosada, OsakaPrints.com, retrieved June 16, 2014
  • Gerstle, Andrew (2002). "Osaka Kabuki Actor Prints: Artists as Patrons". In Yonemura, Ann (ed.). Masterful Illusions: Japanese Prints from the Anne van Biema Collection. Washington, D.C.: University of Washington. pp. 15–23. ISBN 0295982713.
  • Gerstle, Andrew (2005), Kabuki Heroes on the Osaka Stage 1780-1830, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, ISBN 0824823923
  • JAANUS, Ookubi-e, Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System, retrieved July 2, 2014
  • JAANUS, Kabuki-e, Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System, retrieved May 16, 2014
  • JAANUS, Kamigata-e, Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System, retrieved January 16, 2014
  • JAANUS, Yakusha-e, Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System, retrieved May 15, 2014
  • Keyes, Roger S. (1984), Hirosada, Ōsaka Printmaker, Houston: The Museum of Fine Arts Houston, ISBN 0936270225
  • Keyes, Roger S.; Mizushima, Keiko (1973), The Theatrical World of Osaka Prints, Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, ASIN B000XY6OEY
  • Kitagawa, Hiroko (2005), "Kamigata-e: The Prints of Osaka and Kyoto", in Newland, Amy Reigle (ed.), The Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1, Amsterdam: Hotei, pp. 229–232, ISBN 9074822657
  • Roberts, Laurance, P. (1980), A Dictionary of Japanese Artists, New York: John Weatherhill, ISBN 083480235X
  • Smith, Henry, D., II (2003), "The Capacity of Chūshingura", Monumenta Nipponica, 58:1, pp. 1–42
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