Adelaide Destitute Asylum

The Destitute Asylum was an institution funded by the government of colonial South Australia to support those of its citizens who had no means of financial support, especially new arrivals and mothers with children.

History

In 1839 The Register called for establishment of a benevolent society which would provide the necessities of life for widows and orphans, abandoned children, and industrious workers who by sickness or injury could not provide for themselves and their families; all assuming they had no family to call on. No consideration was given to destitution as the result of general unemployment.[1]

Around 1839 a Native School with boarding facilities was established in the Park Lands near North Terrace in a section designated the Native School Location. By 1841 it had had sufficient success to establish that Aboriginal children were every bit as bright and teachable as white students, however the number attending remained small.[2] In October 1848 a contingent of 219 Irish orphan girls arrived by the Roman Emperor[3] and were given temporary accommodation in the under-utilized schoolhouse by Matthew Moorhouse, who had the dual responsibilities of Protector of Aborigines and Immigration Officer. It had been expected that these girls, aged 9 to 14, would relieve the servant shortage in the Colony, but most found husbands instead.[4] Roman Emperor was followed in June 1849 by Posthumous, Florentia, Sir Edward Parry, and Inconstant, all within a few weeks of each other, and additional accommodation for those who did not find a placement immediately was provided at the "Native Location".[5] It was not long before a letter was published in the South Australian Register by one Michael D'Arcy, writing as "Aliquis", alleging that these women were being paid for sex by male colonists.[6]

The South Australian Government instituted the Emigration Board whose remit was to assist new arrivals who as yet were unable to support themselves.[7] By 1848 it had become the Emigration and Destitute Poor Department, which after dropping the "Emigration" remained the responsible department until around 1910, under the direction of the Destitute Board. They had two programs: "outdoor":distribution of rations to those who would otherwise starve, and "indoor": provision of shelter and medical attention to the homeless.

In 1855 the Asylum had accommodation for 66 inmates, but held 25 males and 46 females, many of whom had been transferred for convalescence from the chronically overcrowded Adelaide Hospital.[8]

In October 1879 ten inmates who were beyond medical help, but whose condition was not contagious and were mentally sound, were transferred to the Home for Incurables in Fullarton, which establishment was later renamed the Julia Farr Centre in honour of its founder.

The Destitute Board

The South Australian approach to destitute relief was highly centralised, contrary to that of Britain.[9]

Membership of the first Destitute Board (1850–1859) changed frequently and consisted almost exclusively of ministers of religion, notably Dean James Farrell, the Catholic Fr Michael Ryan (c. 1808 – 24 August 1865) (not to be confused with his nephew, Msgr Michael Joseph Ryan (29 July 1847 – 30 January 1922)), and Rev. Rev. Robert Haining of the Church of Scotland.

Under a new Act — the Destitute Persons Relief Bill, passed on 29 December 1866 — the Board was dissolved and the first meeting of the new Destitute Board, whose responsibilities now also included the Children's Apprenticeship Board, was held at the Destitute Asylum buildings on 15 February 1867.

Edward Holthouse (1813–1890) was Secretary of the Board 1850–1867 and Superintendent of the Asylum, a Civil Service position. On 3 February 1867 T. S. Reed, brother-in-law of Chief Justice Hanson, was appointed Chairman, and senior to Holthouse, whose salary was reduced by £80. When Holthouse protested, he was accused of lack of respect and dismissed.[10]

Emily Clark and Catherine Helen Spence, fearful for the deleterious effect unhealthy and dispirited adults would have on unwanted and orphaned children, sought to remove such children from the Asylum and into respectable homes. Initial trials of their "boarding-out" scheme proved encouraging,[11] and was adopted by Reed, not only as a humanitarian move but for its potential for saving money. By 1873 organization of the scheme had been put on a firm foundation.[12]

Reed left for England in March 1876 for a year's leave with pay at the end of which time he resigned. Judah Moss Solomon, his replacement, died in August 1880 and Reed, by now back in Adelaide, was reappointed as chairman. In 1886 the State Children's Council was formed to take over that part of the Destitution Board's responsibilities,[13] then in 1888 a Commission charged with streamlining government recommended abolition of Reed's position.[14] The five board members (Adamson, Bower, Dempsey, Smith, Gilbert) resigned in protest at not being consulted.[15]

In the meantime their work was done by Superintendent Arthur Lindsay (1828–1909) and members of the Destitute Department under control of the Chief Secretary. In January 1889 the post of Chairman was added to his responsibilities and £15 p.a. to his salary. G. W. Hawkes, Henry Kelly, J.P., Joshua Gurr, Charles Clark, J.P., and A. A. Fox, J.P. were appointed to the new Board.[16] Lindsay retired in 1905 and was succeeded by T. H. Atkinson (1859–1933), his longtime deputy.[17]

Destitute Commission

In 1883 parliament appointed a commission to enquire into the operation of the Destitute Act. Chairman was the Chief Justice, (Samuel Way), and members included C. H. Goode; Maurice Salom; W. Haines, W. Bundey (mayor); Henry W. Thompson; C. Proud acted as secretary. Chief subjects examined were the boys' reformatories at Magill and the hulk Fitzjames at Largs Bay; the girls' reformatory and the evils of the barrack system compared with the boarding-out plan. Goode and Thompson subsequently became members of the State Children's Council.

Day-to-day running of the Asylum was in the hands of several appointed officers:

Superintendent

Initially, the Destitute Asylum had no-one responsible for day-to-day operations. In 1855 Matthew Moorhouse, Protector of Aborigines, had the position of Comptroller of the Destitute Poor Establishment, and also that of Superintendent of the Female Immigrant Depot added to his responsibilities,[18] but had no direct involvement. He retired 15 months later. Any problems the staff had were to be resolved by the Secretary of the Destitute Board.[19] The position of Superintendent of the Destitute Asylum was created in 1863, initially as a non-Board position, and was held by:

  • 1863–1867 Edward Holthouse (1813–1890)[20] — when the Board was dissolved; the new Board considered he was uncooperative, and sacked him.[21]
  • 1869–1897 Arthur Lindsay (1828–1909),[22] not to be confused with Arthur Fydell Lindsay. His appointment made him also secretary to the Board,[23] later chairman, a conjugation deplored by Rev. Stephenson, though he considered Lindsay an admirable appointment,[24] sentiments echoed by a Register commentator.[9] After his retirement as superintendent he continued as chairman of the Board until 1904.[25] His daughter Theresa married the (unrelated) explorer David Lindsay.
  • 1897–1904 Thomas Henry Atkinson (1859–1933)[26] acted in the position 1890,[27] and again in 1894, then was appointed superintendent and secretary of the board 1897. He was appointed chairman in 1904.
  • 1904–1916 Edward James Tregenza (1860–1935)[28] was superintendent and accountant.[29] When the Asylum was transferred to Magill in 1916, Tregenza stayed on at the old site, which became a maternity home and depot for distribution of rations.

Matron
  • c. 1863 Sarah Bee (c. 1827–1903),[30] wife of T. W. Bee, for a time Relieving Officer (see below)
  • 1865–1866 or later Mrs Eliza Olifent (c. 1821–1881)[31] (James Smith Olifent was appointed Relieving Officer at the same time)[32]
  • 1871–1877 Sarah Maria Hunt, née Calton (–1904);[33] part of lying-in hospital used as girls' reformatory;[34] a most unsatisfactory arrangement; transferred to Magill in 1881.
  • 1879 Mary Hodgkins (1822–1908)[35]
  • 1879–1880 Mrs Eliza Dillon (c. 1836–1890) midwife, married to John Francis Dillon (c. 1840–1890)
  • 1881 Emma Amelia Benneyworth acting matron
  • ??–1885 Mrs. A(lice) Gertrude Kenny (c. 1842 – 18 April 1885), a widow
  • 1893, 1895 Ellen Thompson[36] (earlier marriage Ellen McDonald)[37] (c. 1834 – 13 December 1901)
  • 1900–1905 Florence Elizabeth "Flo" Pearce (–1948) matron of lying-in branch[38] are there two matrons?
  • 1900–1911 Bessie Uppington (previously with the State Children's Department) married Theo Boothby 1911 and left for England.
  • 1912–1913 Mrs Adams in position for seven years;[39] resigned over Nurse Dunstan affair.[lower-alpha 1]
  • 1913–1918 Gertrude Peggram, promoted from head nurse of lying-in ward, and transferred to a similar position at the new Magill Home. Her husband worked as porter at the Mental Hospital, a job that arguably could have gone to a returned soldier.[41]

Relieving Officer

This was a board position, whose duty it was to assess prospective recipients, to check their bona fides and living arrangements, and what resources, including family,[42] they could call on and what assets they could liquidate, then to determine what rations they should be allocated, to pay for essential services, burial of a child for instance, or to be admitted to the Asylum.[43]

  • Richard Edward Tapley (died 1891) 1849– Mrs Arabella Tapley somehow associated with the position.[44]
Tapley was Secretary to the (Board for the Relief of the Destitute Poor) Destitute Board in 1850–1855; in 1855 described as Keeper of the Destitute Asylum'
  • Thomas Walter Bee (c. 1822–1910) was Relieving Officer 1856–1865.[45]
  • James Smith Olifent snr (c. 1818 – 21 January 1890) April 1865 – 1880. Mrs Olifent served as Matron.

Visiting Officer

Duties included visiting past inmates to check on their living arrangements. Those who had clearly been dissembling or whose circumstances had improved (through inheritance or marriage etc.) were invoiced for the cost of their accommodation.[43]

Teacher

By 1865[46] a schoolhouse had been built on the grounds, and one John Young (not John L. Young) and his wife were appointed teachers.[47] The school closed with the opening of the Industrial School at Magill[48] and the increase in boarding-out and adoption of orphans.

Head Wardsman

Another key position was that of head wardsman, held by Ernest Charles Gunther (died 1929) from at least 1901–1911. Gunther and matron Uppington represented the Asylum when the Duke and Duchess toured North Terrace in 1901.[49]

Inmates by gender

Most of the occupants of the laying-in department were unmarried girls. Their best hopes of subsequent solvency, if they had no family to return to, lay in marriage or domestic service, otherwise they were destined for prostitution or the Asylum. It was notorious that many women and children became destitute when their husbands and fathers left without trace, into the country or interstate, out of reach of the authorities and any but the most determined and resourceful of wives.[50][51] Catherine Helen Spence observed in 1906 that the Destitute Board was so fearful of supporting healthy men who could not find work that it refused sustenance to his wife and children, compelling the man to desert them, a major cause of broken families.[52]

Given these facts, it would be expected that most of the Asylum's inmates would be female but that was far from the case. Males outnumbered females two to one.[7][53]

"The Commonwéalth old age pension system came into operation in 1909, and there was a drop in the ratio per thousand of population of persons assisted by the State Government from 9.43 in 1908–09 to 9.31 in 1909–10."[17]

The buildings

The Asylum was first accommodated in the old Police Court, a collection of single-storey buildings around a quadrangle near the Barracks. In the early 1860s, in response to overcrowding, those buildings to the east and south of the quadrangle were given an upper storey, and a schoolroom was added. The courtroom became the children's ward; a living room with sleeping quarters at each end, and a bathroom (hot and cold water) attached. Clothing for inmates was made at the women's work room, and washed by the stronger women in the laundry.[47]

The Destitute Asylum was a hodge-podge of individual buildings erected as the need arose and where space was available. As a consequence for example, there were two men's dormitories, situated at either side of the complex, the centre being occupied by the females. Male inmates were exclusively aged, invalid or diseased; no able-bodied man would be admitted. However many people were admitted who were not paupers but admitted through lack of space at the hospital for convalescent patients, or those suffering incurable or chronic conditions.[54] Traditional inmate employment, breaking rocks and oakum-picking, was limited by available space. Existence of relatives capable of maintaining them was often discovered by opening their mail.

Residents of the Female section (established 1851) were mostly single mothers or wives whose husbands had left for the gold diggings in (especially) Victoria. In 1855 there were eight beds in this ward.[8]

Lying-in ward

"Lying-in" is the traditional rest period accorded a woman after she has given birth, when her sole responsibility is to her baby, and has little or no contact with men.

The Asylum had a lying-in ward on the upper floor of the women's ward east of the quadrangle in 1865, but it was not of a high standard,[47] and newspapers report Adelaide's first lying-in ward as founded in October 1867[54] in Flinders Street, and had been set up to service recent immigrants and poor but respectable wives and widows, but also young single mothers. Mrs Hunt was the matron in 1879 when the facility moved to the Destitute asylum, and she became matron to both institutions. The upper storey housed the most tractable and responsible women, chiefly married women and girls pregnant for the first time; those needing closer oversight (chiefly unmarried girls pregnant for the second or third time)[36] on the ground floor, and a separate ward was dedicated to infected prostitutes; there being at that time no cure or useful treatment for the principal venereal diseases. The lying-in home was governed by the Destitute Board but registered separately from the Asylum, and there was to be no fraternization between inmates of the two institutions.

The matron served as midwife, and officiated at all births that did not require use of obstetric instruments, in which case a surgeon would be called from the Adelaide Hospital. The matron was expected to notify the hospital when a birth was imminent so trainee doctors could observe, however the exchange of knowledge which could have benefited both parties was limited due to professional jealousy. An abuse of the system, whereby a woman who after giving birth would dispose of the child then hire herself out to a well-to-do family as a wetnurse, was mitigated by requiring her to remain at the home for six months. By which time a strong bond with the baby would usually have developed, and the mother would presumably have benefited from the matron's knowledge and experience.

In 1869 a section adjacent the ground floor section was set apart as a Girls' Reformatory.[55] This proved a poor decision, as the introduction of the irresponsible element led to a breakdown of morale and self-discipline among the young mothers, and in 1881 the Reformatory girls were moved to what had been the Boys' Reformatory at Magill.

Morgue

Adelaide city morgue was established in an open field behind the State Library well away from any other building, however in the ensuing thirty years the Destitute Asylum had expanded to such an extent that parts of the Asylum, notably the Lying-in wards, were uncomfortably close, calls were made for it to be replaced.[56]

In 1886 a new morgue was built at the West Terrace Cemetery and went into service that June.[57] The old one was not demolished however, as witnessed by the SA Museum photographer in 1918.[58]

Chapel

Three services were held each Sunday: Baptist, Wesleyan (Methodist), and Episcopalian (Anglican). Catholic Mass was conducted here fortnightly.[43]

Store

"Outdoor relief" was an office established to supply basic food to indigent citizens who would otherwise starve. Approved recipients would queue up outside on ?? at the northernmost entrance, where they would be issued with flour, salt, tea and sugar. Chits for meat and (as an alternative to the flour ration) bread were issued, redeemable at the contract butcher and the Aerated Bread Company. It was the duty of the Relieving Officer to visit the homes of those seeking or receiving rations, to check the bona fides of recipients.[43]

Library

A stock of well-thumbed books, whose original covers had been replaced with sturdy buckram boards, was opened every Thursday by Rev. Dendy, who acted as librarian. Most inmates were literate, and fresh donations were welcomed.[43]

General conditions

Of course conditions for the inmates changed over time, but in the 1890s there was one nurse to attend the male inmates during the day and a (male) night attendant, also a wardsman selected from within their ranks to assist and keep order. The inmates included blind men; there was as yet no separate institution for the blind. There was a separate section for consumptives, but their building had no indoor lavatory, so commodes were used. Dr. Clindening, who found the inmates obnoxious, visited each of the tubercular patients once a week. There were three nurses for the female section: two during the day and one at night, all supervised by the matron. The men were allowed out of the compound for an hour once a week, but were obliged to wear an institution jumper (which Rev. Bryant C. Stephenson, visiting chaplain for much of that decade, deplored) rather than their own clothes. Meals were mostly meat (boiled or roast mutton principally) and potatoes, with bread and lard or butter. A "sick diet" consisted largely of oatmeal, soup and gruel and wine.[24]

" It ceased to be an asylum in 1931, The Adelaide Destitute Asylum housed women and children in dire poverty. The number of inmates increased significantly when husbands deserted their families during the Victorian gold rush. Destitute Asylum which was erected in 1854."[59]

"By 1856 a quadrangle of buildings in Kintore Avenue off North Terrace known as the Destitute Asylum was providing indoor relief to many women, men and children in the new colony. Welfare provisions introduced at the turn of the century reduced the demand for the home and it was finally closed in 1918."[60]

"The Old Destitute Asylum was founded in 1856. It housed 65 women, 30 men and 43 children. It provided government assistance to vulnerable immigrants who had no relatives in the colony."[61]

"Buildings were added over the years to accommodate the poor, infirm and orphans. Some of these buildings included a nursery, wash-house, stables and a morgue. The Destitute Asylum operated until 1926 providing financial assistance and temporary accommodation to the needy."[62]

"This stone building, with its Dutch gables and slate roof, was originally part of the Police Barracks and was granted to the Destitute Board in April 1851."[63]

"Destitute Asylum situated in Kintore Avenue was built of bluestone in 1877-78. Buildings were added over the years to accommodate the poor, infirm and orphans. Some of these buildings included a nursery, wash-house, stables and a morgue. The Destitute Asylum operated until 1926 providing financial assistance and temporary accommodation to the needy."[64]


"The Mounted Police barracks, with a brick archway leading to a quadrangle, was built between 1851 and 1855, and served until 1917, when a new facility was built on the Port Road near the Adelaide Gaol. One of the buildings was used by Adelaide Teachers College from 1921, after they had been evicted by the University, pending erection of a new building on Kintore Avenue.[65]

"Destitute Asylum situated in Kintore Avenue was built of bluestone in 1877-78. The two storey building depicted is part of the women's general quarters and not on Kintore Avenue. It is part of quadrangle C, buildings 26 and 20. Arches feature along the walls of both storeys providing shelter from the elements.[66]"


Historic photographs

Around 1900, an unnamed government department prepared a plan of the establishment designated GRG 27/32. A copy now held by SA Archives, on which some person has pencilled a key to Areas and Building/Room numbers, is reproduced here. Note that, contrary to usual practice, west is at the top. The (colored) location map alongside has been rotated to correspond.

Destitute Asylum block plan GRG 27/32 c. 1900
Location on North Terrace


Area A Male infirmary and Admin block
Area B Lying-in Dept
Area C Female destitute
Area D Male destitute
Area E External to walled area, notably the superintendent's house (1877)

In November 1917, with demolition of many of the Asylum's buildings imminent,[67] the South Australian Museum took a series of photographs, which the State Library now hold, and have made digital copies freely available. A number of these have been adapted and listed below, sequenced by Area, roughly clockwise, and the Room/Building numbers are listed Left to Right (S→N), Top to Bottom (W→E) of the plan.

PicAreaLookingBuilding / room nos. & functionSLSA LinkNotes
AW6 Ward, Offices, Waiting rm, Lavatory, W.C.s
7 Consulting rm, Waiting rm		B-188
AN11 Chapel
51 Library
50 Stores
49 Stores		B-2351Two-storey buildings 8, 9 behind and to right
AN49 Stores
19 Laundresses
23 Matron		B-7935
ANW23 Matron
24 Matron
25 Nurses' rm		B-183
AN24 Matron
25 Nurses' rm
21 Archway
20 Kitchen, Cook's rm, Dining rm		B-7473
see also
B-194		Artwork by Leslie Wilkie. Low verandah (also serves as covered walkway to matron's office) obscures matron's room (with open spire), adjoins nurses' quarters with triple leadlights (previously a chapel ?)
AN25 Nurses' rm
21 Archway		B-198
AN25 Nurses' rm
21 Archway
20 Kitchen etc.		B-23751924 photo. Archway bricked-in, chimney added since 1867 photo. Staff dining room, covered way and doorway shown on plan GRG 27/32 no longer evident
ASW2 Ward 1
3 Dining rm		B-23521924 photo
ANW5 Wards 3/4/5
4 Wardsmen's qtrs
1 Bath rm
2 Ward 1		B-796One of the three infirmary wards was set apart for Roman Catholics.[7]
AN4 Wardsmen's qtrs
1 Bath rm		B-102061927 Christmas card by Leslie Wilkie
AN1 Bath rm
2 Ward 1		B-1024

Photo c. 1868. 1, 2 in "Old Armory" at far left. Also visible are buildings 3, 43, 20 (no chimney on east wall yet). Mounted Police barracks (built 1855) on right are outside Plan GRG 27/32.

AN2 Ward 1
20 Kitchen etc.		B-211Building to right is outside plan GRG 27/32
ASW2 Ward 1
3 Dining rm		B-205Rear of Bdg 2
BE11 ChapelB-2354
BW11 Chapel
9 Kitchen
8 Dining rm		B-206Kintore avenue is behind these buildings.
BE17 Mothers ward
16 Day Nursery
15 Day Nursery		B-2349
BE15 Day NurseryB-201
CN47 Needle rm
46 Drying rm
45 Washing		B-191Furthest right is support for external staircase, Bdg 26.
CNE45 Washing
30 Wards (six)
44 Ward for Diseased Prostitutes		B-182
CSE44 Ward for Diseased Prostitutes
26 Nursing rm, Cot rm, Nurse, Bath rm
20 Kitchen etc.		B-192
CSE26 Nursing rm etc.
20 Kitchen etc.		B-7936
CE20 Kitchen etc.B-195cloister details
CSE30 Wards (six)
31 Baths		B-196Upper storey of Bdg 26 at end. Museum tower in distance.
CS40 Carpenter shop, Dining rm, Dispensary
31 Baths		B-203Bdg 31 is behind, far left;
State Library tower in distance
CW10 Wards 10/11/12 (female)B-197Chapel tower (Bdg 11) just visible
CS21 Archway
25 Nurses' rm
24 Matron
22 Office		B-204
DW41 Wards 8/7/6
Wardsman's rm
40 Dining rm etc.		B-208
DSE40 Carpenters shop, Dining rm, Dispensary
34 Tailors
33 Boots
32 No desc.		B-212Bdg 30 behind Bdg 40
DSE33 Boots
32 Tailors
31 Wood		B-2350
DE48 Chaff rm
28 Workshop
30 Wards (six)		B-2348Corner of Bdg 41 on right
EE41 Wards 8/7/6
Wardsman's rm
39 Stable used for lumber
37 Morgue		B-210Southern part of Bdg 41; horse is in front of Bdg 36 (Clothes rm)
Photo taken from Kintore Ave
EE42 Secretary's dwellingB-2356

Relocation

It was decided to remove the institution from the city, and in 1912 a site was settled on at Magill, west of the Reformatory.[68] Having such a prime location on North Terrace, various Government departments found uses for parts of the old Destitute Asylum and the adjacent Police barracks (which had been relocated to the Port Road on a section of the Park Lands):[69]

  • State government garage and service station, a long lean-to in front of buildings 1,2,4,5, parallel to North Terrace, behind the Art Gallery and building 3 around the corner was still in use in 1935.
  • Returned soldiers were taught trade skills. This photograph, was taken in 1920 in front of building 20.
  • Young men, brought out from Britain in the 1920s as apprentice farm workers under the South Australian Farm Apprenticeship Scheme ("Barwell Boys"), were trained here, as in this photograph and this taken around 1923 in front of building 20. It is likely they were accommodated here while undergoing training.
  • The Education Department had part of its teacher training school here as early as 1920. this group of women teachers and trainees are in front of the gateway between buildings 49 and 19.
  • The lying-in home on Kintore Avenue was converted to offices and laboratories for the Government Analyst and Director of Chemistry (Dr. W. A. Hargreaves).
  • The Museum took over a section as a storehouse for natural history specimens, which may have included their well-known sperm whale skeleton.
  • The Public Stores Department took over a number of large rooms for supplies from which any Government department can requisition, and a similar store for the Magill Home supplies and those for "outdoor relief".
  • The Electoral Office used a section for storage of voting paraphernalia.
  • The Arts and Crafts School which used to be conducted on the first floor of the Jubilee Exhibition Building, used two or three rooms after they were evicted to make way for its use as a hospital in the 1919 Spanish flu epidemic.
  • The Destitute Board continued to occupy the administrative section, and Dr. Morris retained his consulting rooms there.[69]
  • The Public Library used a section for the storing of old volumes and documents.
Did this collection become the State Archives in the old chapel? (Building 11)
  • In 1927 the Adelaide Teachers' College had a new building on Kintore Avenue, architect Alfred Edward Simpson.
  • The ground floor of the Police barracks became the Adelaide Children's Library.
  • In 1937 an extension of the Adelaide Technical College was built on the "Lying-in" site marked B on the Plan.
  • Today several of the Adelaide Destitute Asylum buildings are home to the Migration Museum, which opened on 26 August 2003, and is operated by the History Trust. An exhibition entitled "Behind the Wall", detailing the lives of several of its inmates, was held there in 2010.

Legislation

The Asylum was subject to the following Acts of the South Australian Parliament

  • "An Act to provide for the maintenance and relief of deserted wives and children and other destitute persons, and to make the property of husbands and near relatives to whom assistance they have a natural claim in certain circumstances available for their support" 1842
  • "An Act for the regulation of the asylum for the destitute poor and other purposes" No. 2 of 1863
  • "The Destitute Persons Relief Act" 1866
  • "The Destitute Persons Relief and Industrial and Reformatory Schools Act" 1872
  • "The Destitute Persons Act" 1881
  • "The Destitute Persons Act Amendment Act" 1886[7]

Bibliography
  • Mary-Louise Geyer (1994). Behind The Wall. Axiom / Migration Museum. ISBN 9780947338565. 2nd ed. Wakefield Press, 2008 ISBN 9781743055779 The story of the many women who gave birth in the Destitute Asylum.
  • Susan Piddock (1996). Accommodating the destitute : an historical and archaeological consideration of the Destitute Asylum of Adelaide (thesis; ms.).
  • Donovan and Associates.; Danvers Architects (1983). SA Museum redevelopment : conservation analysis, Destitute Asylum, Kintore Avenue. Public Buildings Department, South Australia.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • David Parham (1983). Architecture of the Destitute Asylum, Adelaide : an exhibition held at the Flinders University Art Museum. Flinders University Art Museum.
  • Bronte Ann Gould (2012). Midwife to the Destitute : Adelaide, South Australia, 1880–1905 (thesis, ms.).
  • Brian Dickey (1986). Dependence in South Australia 1888 : the Destitute Board and its clients.
  • Corporation of the City of Adelaide : former chapel, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide. Public Buildings Department, South Australia. 1981.
  • Corporation of the City of Adelaide : former schoolroom, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide. Public Buildings Department, Adelaide. 1981.

See also

Notes
  1. In February 1913 Matron Emily Adams and three nurses L. E. Dryden, R. Boord and O'Brien handed in their resignations rather than work with Nurse J. Dunstan. There was no question of her relationship with patients, her knowledge, ability or work ethic, quite the reverse; it was her abrasive personality. A year earlier, she had been at the centre of a similar dispute at the Adelaide Hospital which nearly ruined the career of Nurse Graham. A board of enquiry (G. F. Claridge, James Evans, Thomas Leahy, F. J. T. Pflaum, and Mrs S. H. Vennell) exonerated Nurse Dunstan and Chief Secretary Bice accepted the resignations of Adams and the three nurses. The Attorney-General Homburg refused to table Dunstan's list of grievances.[40]

References
  1. "Benevolent Society & Savings banks". South Australian Register. South Australia. 28 December 1839. p. 4. Retrieved 28 February 2020 – via Trove.
  2. "The Natives and the Native Location". The Southern Australian. South Australia. 29 October 1841. p. 3. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Trove. A subsequent letter reveals this correspondent to be one Burton G. Haygarth, who arrived c. 11 October 1841 aboard Fama.
  3. "Orphan Immigration". The South Australian. South Australia. 27 October 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 13 April 2020 – via Trove.
  4. "Local News". South Australian Gazette and Mining Journal. South Australia. 19 January 1850. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2020 – via Trove.
  5. "Local Intelligence". South Australian Register. South Australia. 13 June 1849. p. 2. Retrieved 13 April 2020 – via Trove.
  6. "The Government Brothel". South Australian Register. South Australia. 24 January 1850. p. 3. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Trove.
  7. "The Destitute Asylum No. 1". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 19 May 1893. p. 6. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove.
  8. "Public Works.—No 3". South Australian Register. South Australia. 8 March 1855. p. 3. Retrieved 19 January 2020 – via Trove.
  9. "Our System of Destitute Relief - No. 1". Adelaide Observer. South Australia. 24 January 1880. p. 34. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Trove.
  10. "The Parliament". South Australian Register. South Australia. 11 July 1867. p. 3. Retrieved 1 March 2020 – via Trove. The case of Major Warburton also mentioned.
  11. "The Hand of Help (obituary)". The Register. Adelaide. 21 November 1911. p. 9. Retrieved 2 March 2020 – via Trove.
  12. "Boarding-out Destitute Children". South Australian Register. South Australia. 1 August 1873. p. 5. Retrieved 2 March 2020 – via Trove.
  13. "Care of State Children". South Australian Register. South Australia. 6 October 1886. p. 4. Retrieved 3 March 2020 – via Trove.
  14. "The Civil Service Commission". The Adelaide Observer. South Australia. 1 September 1888. p. 25. Retrieved 2 March 2020 – via Trove.
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  16. "The New Destitute Board". Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 23 January 1889. p. 2. Retrieved 4 March 2020 – via Trove.
  17. "The Destitute Poor". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 21 June 1913. p. 6. Retrieved 5 March 2020 – via Trove.
  18. "The Government Gazette". South Australian Register. South Australia. 19 January 1855. p. 3. Retrieved 20 March 2020 – via Trove.
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  20. "Obituary". The Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 8 December 1890. p. 3. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  21. "The Destitute Board". South Australian Register. South Australia. 27 July 1867. p. 7. Retrieved 19 March 2020 – via Trove.
  22. "Personal". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 19 June 1909. p. 11. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
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  25. "Death of Mr Arthur Lindsay". The Register (Adelaide). South Australia. 19 June 1909. p. 9. Retrieved 20 March 2020 – via Trove.
  26. "Served Poor for 50 Years". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 1 March 1933. p. 8. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
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  28. "Obituary". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 17 September 1935. p. 9. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
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  30. "Personal". Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 12 June 1903. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  31. "Family Notices". South Australian Register. South Australia. 28 October 1881. p. 2. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  32. "Appointments". The Adelaide Observer. South Australia. 15 April 1865. p. 3. Retrieved 21 March 2020 – via Trove.
  33. "Death of an Old Colonist". The Express and Telegraph. South Australia. 7 September 1904. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  34. "The Girls' Reformatory". The Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 4 August 1877. p. 3. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  35. "Family Notices". The Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 14 December 1908. p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  36. "Death at the Destitute Asylum". The Express and Telegraph. South Australia. 29 May 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  37. "Family Notices". The Evening Journal (Adelaide). XXXIII (9661). South Australia. 16 December 1901. p. 2. Retrieved 18 November 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
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  39. "Trouble at the Destitute Asylum". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 1 March 1913. p. 19. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  40. "The Nurse Dunstan Trouble". The Daily Herald (Adelaide). South Australia. 31 July 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 5 March 2020 – via Trove.
  41. "A Double Job". The Daily Herald (Adelaide). South Australia. 1 February 1918. p. 4. Retrieved 22 March 2020 – via Trove.
  42. "Liabilities of Husbands". South Australian Weekly Chronicle. South Australia. 24 September 1864. p. 5. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
  43. "Our System of Destitute Poor Relief —No. 2". South Australian Register. South Australia. 15 January 1880. p. 5. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove.
  44. "Destitute Asylum". The Adelaide Times. South Australia. 17 December 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 15 April 2020 – via Trove.
  45. "Inspector Bee". The Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 12 December 1888. p. 2. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
  46. "Classified Advertising". The South Australian Advertiser. II (540). South Australia. 4 April 1860. p. 1. Retrieved 19 November 2020 – via Trove.
  47. "The Destitute Asylum". The Adelaide Express. II (562). South Australia. 2 October 1865. p. 2. Retrieved 15 August 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
  48. "Classified Advertising". The South Australian Advertiser. II (540). South Australia. 4 April 1860. p. 1. Retrieved 19 November 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
  49. "Along North Terrace". The Adelaide Observer. LVIII (3, 119). South Australia. 13 July 1901. p. 35. Retrieved 20 November 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
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  51. "Defaulters". The Register (Adelaide). South Australia. 5 February 1910. p. 15. Retrieved 5 March 2020 – via Trove.
  52. "The Elberfeld System". The Express and Telegraph. South Australia. 16 May 1906. p. 4. Retrieved 19 January 2020 – via Trove.
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  56. "The Morgue". South Australian Register. South Australia. 5 January 1886. p. 4. Retrieved 13 April 2020 – via Trove.
  57. "New City Morgue". South Australian Register. South Australia. 19 June 1886. p. 6. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove. contains useful details of West Terrace morgue
  58. "Destitute Asylum [B 210] • Photograph". State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  59. "B+7473". SLSA. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  60. "B+9360". SLSA. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  61. "B+7462". SLSA. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  62. "B+7935". SLSA. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  63. "B+796". SLSA. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  64. "B+7936". SLSA. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  65. "Temporary Teacher Training College". The Advertiser (Adelaide). South Australia. 11 February 1921. p. 6. Retrieved 20 January 2020 – via Trove.
  66. "B7936".
  67. "Advertising". The Register (Adelaide). South Australia. 12 December 1918. p. 10. Retrieved 18 February 2020 – via Trove.
  68. "New Destitute Asylum Site". The Evening Journal (Adelaide). South Australia. 23 July 1912. p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2020 – via Trove.
  69. "Utilising the Old Destitute Asylum". The Chronicle (Adelaide). South Australia. 4 October 1919. p. 45. Retrieved 18 February 2020 – via Trove.
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