Agnelli family

The Agnelli family (Italian pronunciation: [aɲˈɲɛlli]) is an Italian multi-industry business dynasty founded by Giovanni Agnelli, one of the original founders of Fiat motor company which became Italy's largest manufacturer,[1] Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Fiat). They are also primarily known for other activities in the automotive industry by investing in Ferrari (1969), Lancia (1969), Alfa Romeo (1986) and Chrysler, the latter acquired by Fiat after it filed for bankruptcy in 2009. The Agnelli family is also known for managing and being majority owners of the Italian Serie A football club Juventus F.C. since the club's conversion to a public limited company in 1967.[2] Most members of the family are stakeholders in privately owned Giovanni Agnelli B.V., incorporated in the Netherlands for tax purposes, which in turn has a controlling stake in the publicly listed holding company Exor.

The family has sometimes been described in the English-speaking world as "the Kennedys of Italy" for their role in the country's contemporary history and their activity of patronage in modern art and in sports.[3] As of 2020, the extended Agnelli family comprised about two hundred members.[3]

Family tree
  • Edoardo Agnelli (1831–1871) married Aniceta Frisetti (1846–1920)
    • Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945) (founder of FIAT) married Clara Boselli (1869–1946)
      • Aniceta Caterina (1889–1928) married Carlo Nasi (1877-1935)
        • Clara Nasi (1913-2011) married Luca [dei marchesi] Ferrero de Gubernatis Ventimiglia (1906-1982)
        • Laura Nasi (1914-1996) married Count Giancarlo Camerana (1909-1955)
        • Giovanni Nasi (1918-1995) married Marinella Wolf (1922-2002)
        • Umberta Nasi (1922-2004) married firstly Giuseppe Frua de Angeli (1912-1981), and then Giorgio Ajmone-Marsan (1926-2009)
        • Emanuele Nasi (1928-1970) married Marisa Coop Diatto (1927-2016)
      • Edoardo Agnelli II (1892–1935) married Virginia Bourbon del Monte (1899–1945)
        • Clara Agnelli (7 April 1920 – 19 July 2016) she married Prince Tassilo of Fürstenberg (1903-1987) on 19 November 1938 and they were divorced. They have three children (see House of Fürstenberg (Swabia) for further descendants). She remarried Giovanni Nuvoletti (1912-2008) in 1974
        • Giovanni "Gianni" Agnelli (1921–2003) (also known as L'Avvocato) married Donna Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto (1927-2019)
          • Edoardo Agnelli III (1954–2000)
          • Margherita Agnelli (b. 1955) married firstly Alain Elkann (b. 1950, divorced) and then Serge de Pahlen (b.1944)
            • John Elkann (b. 1976) (current Chairman of Exor, Stellantis and Ferrari) married in 2004 Lavinia Ida Borromeo Arese Taverna (b. 1977)
              • Leone Mosè Elkann (b. 2006)
              • Oceano Noah Elkann (b. 2007)
              • Vita Talita Elkann (b. 2012)
            • Lapo Elkann (b. 1977)
            • Ginevra Elkann (b. 1979) married in 2009 Giovanni Gaetani dell’Aquila d’Aragona (b. 1973)
              • Giacomo Gaetani d'Aragona (b. 2009)
              • Pietro Gaetani d'Aragona (b. 2012)
              • Marella Gaetani d'Aragona (b. 2014)
            • Maria De Pahlen (b. 1984)
            • Pietro De Pahlen (b. 1987)
            • Anna De Pahlen (b. 1988)
            • Sofia De Pahlen (b. 1988)
            • Tatiana De Pahlen (b. 1990)
        • Susanna Agnelli (1922–2009) married Count Urbano Rattazzi (1918–2012) and had six children before their marriage was annulled in 1975.
          • Ilaria Rattazzi
          • Samaritana Rattazzi (b. 1947) married writer Vittorio Sermonti (1929–2016)[4]
          • Cristiano Rattazzi (b. 1948) president of FIAT in Argentina[5]
          • Delfina Rattazzi
          • Lupo Rattazzi
          • Priscilla Rattazzi (b. 1956)
        • Maria Sole Agnelli (b. 1925) married Count Ranieri di Campello della Spina (1908–1959) and had four children.[6] After being widowed she then married Count Pio Teodorani-Fabbri (b. 1924) and had a son.
          • Virginia Campello della Spina (1954)
            • Giacinta della Chiesa (1984)
            • Benedetto della Chiesa (1986)
          • Argenta Campello della Spina (1955)
            • Sara Bertoli (1979)
            • Alice Bertoli (1982)
            • Evelina Bertoli (1986)
          • Cintia Campello della Spina (1956)
            • Maria Sole Torlonia (1985)
            • Emanuela Torloni (1988)
            • Paolo Torlonia (1997)
          • Bernardino Campello della Spina (1958)
            • Tancredi Campello della Spina (1987)
            • Margherita Campello della Spina (1992)
            • Angelica Campello della Spina (1994)
            • Tristano Campello della Spina (2003)
            • Ranieri Campello della Spina (2006)
          • Edoardo Teodorani-Fabbri (b. 1965)
        • Cristiana Agnelli (b. 1927) married Count Brandolino Brandolini d'Adda (1918-2005)
        • Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965)
        • Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) married firstly Antonella Bechi Piaggio (1938-1999, divorced) and then Allegra Caracciolo di Castagneto (b. 1945)
          • Giovanni Alberto Agnelli (1964–1997) married Frances Avery Howe (b. 1965)
            • Virginia Asia Agnelli (b. 1997)
          • Andrea Agnelli (b. 1975) (current President of Juventus F.C.) married Emma Winter (b. 1977, divorced). Now lives with Deniz Akalin (b. 1983)
            • Baya Agnelli (b. 2005)
            • Giacomo Dai Agnelli (b. 2011)
            • Livia Selin Agnelli (b. 2017)
            • Vera Nil Agnelli (b. 2018)
          • Anna Agnelli (b. 1977)

Some notable family members

Giovanni Agnelli
Main article: Giovanni Agnelli

In 1899, Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945) and a group of investors founded the company Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino (FIAT).

Edoardo Agnelli
Main article: Edoardo Agnelli (industrialist)

Edoardo Agnelli (1892–1935), industrialist and principal family shareholder of the Italian car company Fiat, was the son of Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), the founder of Fiat. He had seven children, Clara (1920–2016), Gianni (1921–2003), Susanna (1922–2009), Maria Sole Agnelli (1925–), Cristiana (1927–), Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965) and Umberto (1934–2004).

Agnelli's daughter Susanna Agnelli was the first woman to have been Minister of Foreign Affairs in Italy.

Gianni Agnelli
Main article: Gianni Agnelli

Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003) was the oldest son of the industrialist and principal family shareholder of the Italian car company Fiat, Edoardo Agnelli. After WWII he earned a Law degree at Turin University and his nickname was L’Avvocato (“The Lawyer”).[7] He was the head of Fiat from 1966 to 2003 and made the company into the most important company in Italy and one of the major car builders of Europe. Gianni was a Fiat CEO. By 1956 he had become the "richest businessman in modern Italian history."[3] In the 1960s and 1970s Fiat produced millions of modest cars including tiny 500 and 600 hatchbacks. Its Mirafiori plant in Turin, built 600,000 autos a year.

In the 1970s Gianni and Umberto Agnelli hired Cesare Romiti, known as Il Duro or the tough guy.[8][9] During that time Fiat's production in Italy "peaked in 1970, when it employed well over 100,000 people there and made 1.4 million cars."[10][11][12][13][14] Romiti led the firm from 28 February 1996 to 22 June 1998. Romiti was instrumental in the company's return to profitability during this period.[15] Paolo Fresco succeeded him in the aforementioned post.[16][17]

February 1992 saw the start of the mani pulite (Clean Hands) judicial inquiry into Tangentopoli,[18][19][20] nationwide corruption with a large number of politicians, bureaucrats and entrepreneurs involved including senior Fiat executives.[7]

In 1996 when Gianni reached the mandatory retirement age of 75[8] after serving as Fiat chairman for 30 years,[7] Romiti replaced him as chairman.[8] A year after Romiti took over as chairman of Fiat, he was convicted of "having falsified company accounts, committing tax fraud and making illegal payments to political parties."[8] Romiti "was one of the most prominent people convicted since the start of Italy's campaign against corruption in 1992." Even though Gianni Agnelli was not implicated by the magistrates, some believed that he had lacked judgement in not denouncing Italy's endemic corruption and in downplaying Fiat's responsibilities.[7][8] Gianni Agnelli in fact had defended the actions of Romiti and the co-accused Francesco Paolo Mattioli, Fiat's chief financial officer.[8] A 1997 article published in The Economist quoted Gianni Agnelli confidence in the Turin Two's innocence and concluded that business attitudes among Italy's powerful ancien régime was left unchanged since the scandal of tangentopoli (“bribesville”) emerged.[21] "Mr. Romiti and Mr. Mattioli had approved a series of slush funds from 1980 through 1992 to provide for Fiat's illegal political contributions and had falsified accounts to hide the payments."[8]

While Fiat was a family-controlled company, Gianni Agnelli alone held the family’s controlling stake for nearly 60 years. Fiat is an "individual privately-owned oligopoly."[22] Giovanni Agnelli & C. (GA&C), the family’s limited partnership was Gianni's command center.[23]:18 By 2003, when he died, "The GA&C partnership was worth about 1.3 billion euros, and its assets consisted of listed holding companies Istituto Finanziario Industriale (IFI) and Istituto Finanziaria di Partecipazioni (IFIL), through which the family controlled Fiat and IFIL’s stakes in other companies."[23]:18

By the time of Gianni Agnelli's death in 2003, the "Agnelli family controlled Fiat through a chain of three separate holding companies."[24] Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, Gianni's nephew, who died of cancer in 1997, had been in line to take control of the family companies. In 1997 Gianni publicly announced that his grandson, John Elkann, who was then 21, would succeed him as the head of the family empire.[24] Edoardo Agnelli, Gianni's first-born son died in 2000.[24]

He "died at the age of 81, after a prolonged battle with prostate cancer".[3] At one time the Agnelli assets represented 4.4% of Italy's GDP. At the prestigious 2008 photography exhibition in Rome entitled Gianni Agnelli: An Extraordinary Life, the Agnelli family and the Italian government honoured L’Avvocato. Gianni Agnelli married Marella Agnelli (1927–2019)[25][26][27] They had one son Edoardo Agnelli and one daughter Countess Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen.

According to the Independent Fiat survived the early first years of the twentieth century thanks to "generous government subsidies paid by Italian taxpayers."[7] "As recently as 2002, Italy accounted for more than a third of Fiat’s revenue, and the company built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in the country."[10]

Gianni Agnelli was considered to be the most prominent spokesperson representing the Italian economic elites.[22]

Gianni explained his popularity in Italy by saying that he was "always present." "There was a war and I, like many others, took part. Then there were other events such as closer relations with the Americans, and I was there.... We had difficult moments such as terrorism, and I never pulled back. In the course of our lives, of our generation, there also have been happier moments."[20]:193

Professor Gaspare Nevola of the Università degli Studi di Trento, explained that Italian society celebrated a common sense of belonging and national identity through collective identification at Gianni Agnelli's Funeral.[20]:193

At the end of the 1990s Sergio Garavini claimed that, "Fiat seems like the Austro-Hungarian empire on the eve of the First World War.... When the big push came, it fell to pieces while the royal court continued to fight over succession." L'Avvocato's death was associated with the closing of a chapter by "commentators, politicians, and institutional representatives."[20]:193

Giorgio Agnelli

Giorgio Agnelli (1929–1965) was a member of the Agnelli family. He was the second son of Virginia Agnelli and of the industrialist Edoardo Agnelli. His brother, Gianni Agnelli, was the head of Fiat until 1996.

Umberto Agnelli
Main article: Umberto Agnelli

Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) was Gianni Agnelli's youngest brother. He was CEO of Fiat from 1970 to 1976.[28] When he knew he was dying and Fiat was in financial trouble, Gianni asked Umberto to return as Fiat's CEO. Fiat had taken out a three-billion-euro loan in 2002 and was unable to pay it back. If they were unable to find a solution, Fiat would belong to its creditor banks.[23]

Umberto Agnelli was chairman of IFIL Group, the family investment company.[23]

" IFIL’s fat investment portfolio included stakes in Club Méditerranée, French conglomerate Worms & Cie., and department store chain La Rinascente, and provided the family with a steady stream of reliable dividends that offset the wild fluctuations of profitability—and lately, loss—at Fiat. Up until 2000, IFIL’s profits had grown every year for 15 years, and it had paid 82.7 million euros in dividends to IFI, its parent company, in 2000."

— Clark

Umberto Agnelli was chairman and later honorary chairman of Juventus, the football team long-associated with FIAT and the Agnelli family. His son Andrea is the current chairman of Juventus.

Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen

Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen (1955–present) the "only daughter and sole surviving child" of Gianni Agnelli, received an estimated inheritance of $2 billion when her father, Gianni Agnelli died. In a lawsuit filed in 2007 and rejected in 2010, Margherita Agnelli asked that the "2004 inheritance agreement signed with her mother be annulled, claiming that it was based on incomplete information."[3][1] eventually filing "a lawsuit against her father’s three longtime advisors: Gabetti, Grande Stevens and Marrone and her own mother, Marella Agnelli, on May 30, 2007.[3] The lawsuit demanded that Gabetti, Grande Stevens, and Marrone provide a report on her father's estate "with information pertaining to the historic evolution of the assets" from January 24, 1993, forward." D’Antona & Partners, a Milan-based public-relations firm, provided The Wall Street Journal with news of the lawsuit before the Agnelli family was aware of it. In Turin, Italy in March 2010 Judge Brunella Rosso rejected the lawsuit filed against Margherita’s mother Marella Agnelli and advisers Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti.[1] She had three children John, Lapo and Ginevra who inherited the largest shares of the Agnelli fortune.

John Elkann
Main article: John Elkann

John Elkann (1976–) is the chairman and CEO of Exor, an investment company controlled by the Agnelli family, which controls Stellantis, CNH Industrial, Ferrari, Juventus F.C., Cushman & Wakefield and the Economist Group. In 2013 he was considered to be the world's fourth most influential manager under the age of 40 by Fortune magazine.[29] He was chosen as heir to the family empire in 1997 by his grandfather Gianni Agnelli who died in 2003. Currently, Elkann chairs and controls the automaker Stellantis (which owns the Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram and Vauxhall brands).

He is the oldest son of Alain Elkann and Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen. In 2004 John Elkann married Donna Lavinia Borromeo, an heiress of the Borromeo family. His grandmother, Marella Agnelli (1927–) gave her shares to him to secure his control of the family empire. She divided up Gianni Agnelli's (1934–2003) personal assets with her daughter, Margherita Agnelli de Pahlen.

Fiat formerly represented 4.4% of Italy's GDP. From 2001 to 2004 Fiat had lost more than 6 billion euros and was close to bankruptcy. CEO Sergio Marchionne returned the company to profit in 2005.[10] In 2009 as the U.S. automobile industry was collapsing Fiat became a trailblazer by acquiring an initial 20% stake in the then-bankrupt Chrysler company in a deal with the Obama administration. This saved Chrysler.[23]:2009[30] By 2013 Fiat was taking full control of Chrysler and merging Fiat-Chrysler into a global giant. By 2013 Chrysler was profitable again but an article in The Economist questioned the financial future of the merged company.[30]

In 2005, Lapo Elkann, (1977–) John's brother, was forced to leave the family company because of a scandal but by 2015 was still one of the largest shareholders in the family business along with John, and their sister Ginevra Elkann (1979–).[31]

Family councilors

Gianni Agnelli's longtime financial advisors were Franzo Grande Stevens and Gianluigi Gabetti. According to an article in the Financial Post,[32] in February 2007 Consob, Italy's market regulator, fined the Agnelli family holding company, then-called Ifil (now known as Exor), for engaging in a complicated illegal trade in 2005. They signed contracts with Merrill Lynch which allowed Ifil "to retain its 30 per cent of Fiat in spite of banks in the same period converting billions of euros of debt owed to them by Fiat into equity in the company."[32] According to an article in the Financial Post, Gianluigi Gabetti, Virgilio Marrone and Franzo Grande Stevens, "were suspended from holding posts in public companies for between two and six months."[32]

Gianluigi Gabetti

Gianluigi Gabetti was director general of IFIL Group, the family investment company since 1971 and worked there as Gianni’s closest financial adviser for over 30 years.[23]:26 When Gianni died in 2003, Umberto asked the octogenarian to return as CEO of Ifil.[23]:27

Franzo Grande Stevens

Franzo Grande Stevens (1928–), is the lawyer of the family. In 2009 he was prosecuted for market manipulation in the equity swap of Ifi-Ifil (now Exor), Agnelli's holding company and Fiat's financial company.[33]

Participation in business and sports

Fiat Group, core business of the clan, have majority control and some participation in several Italian organizations:

La Stampa, the Turin daily paper owned by the family.[23]:17
Corriere della Sera newspaper

EXOR, the family's holding company, owns over 47% of the shares of the Economist Group.

The Economist By 2013 John Elkann was on the board of The Economist’s parent company.[30]

Juventus, the most renowned Italian association football club,[34] and one of world's most successful teams[35] operated by the Agnellis since 1923 to 1943 and since 1947 to date.[36] That society between the club and the Torinese industrial dynasty is the oldest and most uninterrupted in Italian sports, making it one of the first professional sporting clubs in the country.[37]

The Agnellis have been credited for much of the team's success and, by extension, in the development of national football, due an administrative gestion model and sporting ethos called by the country's mass media since the 1930s as Stile Juventus (Juventus Style)[38][39] based in patience, consistency and a kind of effective and efficient long-term strategic planning unusual for the administrative model generally used in Italy, both of which the ownership is renowned for.[40] Juventus success in the first half of the 1930s allowed that management to influence in the management model from other Serie A clubs since the end of World War II, emerging as the reference organisational model for the sport in the Peninsula.[41][42]

Juventus' majority owners since the club's conversion to a public limited company in 1967, since 2011 it is presided by Andrea Agnelli, grandson of Edoardo Agnelli, the first member of the family in front of the maximum club's dirigencial charge and considered the ideologue of the Juventus Style.[37][43]

References
  1. Sara Forden (March 17, 2010). "Margherita Agnelli Loses Family Inheritance Lawsuit". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  2. "Agnelli dynasty takes back Juventus role". Financial Times. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  3. "Troubled Dynasty: The Woman Who Wanted the Secrets". Vanity Fair. August 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  4. Furino, Federica (22 April 2017). "Pietro Sermonti: "Non sono l'unico ad aver perso il padre, ma il solo ad aver perso Vittorio Sermonti"". La Stampa (in Italian).
  5. "Alumni — Steering a Steady Course for Argentina's Future". Harvard Business School. April 2014.
  6. Theroff, Paul. "Bonaparte Descendants".
  7. Wolfgang Achtner (25 January 2003). "Giovanni Agnelli: Charismatic Italian industrialist with 'extraordinary power'". Independent UK. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  8. "Italy Convicts Fiat Chairman; Bars Him from Corporate Posts". The New York Times. 10 April 1997. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  9. Gianni Vattimo; René Noël Girard (2010). Christianity, Truth, and Weakening Faith: A Dialogue. Columbia University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-231-52041-6. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  10. Tommaso Ebhardt and David Rocks (30 January 2014). "Maserati Boom Signals Fiat 'Arrivederci' to Italian Past". Bloomberg.
  11. Alan Friedman (1988). Agnelli and the network of italian power. London: Mandarin Paperback via Octopus Publishing Gr. ISBN 978-0-7493-0093-7.
  12. "Fiat and the Agnelli family: Near-death experience: The rise and fall and rise of Italy's premier car manufacturer". The Economist. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  13. Wolfang Achtner (17 December 1995). "The tough cop takes the wheel; profile; Cesare Romiti". The Independent. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  14. Alan Friedman (12 December 1995). "Successor at Automaker is 72 and a Target of Prosecutors". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  15. Jon Glover (24 January 2003). "Giovanni Agnelli". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  16. Alan Friedman (23 January 1998). "Embattled Fiat Chief to Resign in June and Be Succeeded by the No. 2 at GE". The New York Times. Rome. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  17. "BMW confident as sales charge to pounds 2Obn record". The Birmingham Post. 30 January 1998. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  18. Sergio Fabbrini; Vincent Della Sala, eds. (February 2004). Italian Politics: Italy Between Europeanization and Domestic Politics. Hb. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-84545-128-8.
  19. Alberto Vannucci (2009). "The Controversial Legacy of 'Mani Pulite': A Critical Analysis of Italian Corruption and Anti-Corruption Policies" (PDF). Bulletin of Italian Politics. 1 (2): 233–64. ISSN 1759-3077.
  20. Gaspare Nevola (February 2004), Sergio Fabbrini; Vincent Della Sala (eds.), The Gianni Agnelli Funeral: A National Identification Rite, Italian Politics: Italy Between Europeanization and Domestic Politics, Hb
  21. "Free the Turin Two". Rome: The Economist. 24 April 1997. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  22. Sondra Z. Koff, Stephen P. Koff (28 November 1999). Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic. Taylor & Francis. p. 260. ISBN 9780415196642.
  23. Jennifer Clark (November 2011). Mondo Agnelli: Fiat, Chrysler, and the Power of a Dynasty. Wiley. p. 360.
  24. Stacy Meichtry (18 November 2009). "Lawsuit Drives Rift Among Agnellis Fiat Patriarch's Daughter Wants Fresh Accounting of His Estate". Rome: Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  25. "World's Best Dressed Women". Vanity Fair. 1963. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  26. Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style-The Best of the Best Dressed List. New York City: Assouline Publishing. pp. 70–73, 89. ISBN 978-2843235139.
  27. Gerald Clarke (1988), Capote-a Biography, New York City: Simon & Schuster, pp. 274–75, ISBN 978-0671228118
  28. "Umberto Agnelli". news.independent.co.uk. London. 29 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  29. "40 under 40". Fortune. 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  30. "Fiat and Chrysler Hoping it will hold together". The Economist. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  31. Deirdre Hipwell (13 August 2015). "The Economist sold to great dynasties". The Times UK. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  32. Adrian Michaels (February 14, 2007). "Agnelli family company fined over Fiat share dealings By Adrian Michaels in Rome". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  33. The Tribunal of Turin asks 2 years of detention for Grande Stevens, 2009
  34. Jeff Israely (25 June 2006). "All In The Family". TIME. p. 3. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  35. "Juventus building bridges in Serie B". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
  36. During the Italian resistance against nazi-fascism (1943–1945) the club, at the time, a multisports association, was controlled by torinese industrialist and former Juventus player Piero Dusio through car house Cisitalia. However, various members of the Agnelli family have held various positions at executive level in the club since 1939, cf. (Tranfaglia & Zunino 1998, p. 193)
  37. (Hazard & Gould 2005, pp. 209, 215)
  38. (Bromberger 1995, p. 149)
  39. (Hazard & Gould 2005, p. 209)
  40. Marco Tarozzi (April 2001). Quel record dell'Alessandria. Calcio 2000 (in Italian). p. 77. ISSN 1122-1712.
  41. Guido Vaciago (1 March 2016). "Juventus, qui fabbricano vittorie fin dal 1923..." (in Italian). Tuttosport. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  42. Michel Desbordes (2012) [2007]. Routledge (ed.). Marketing and Football. An international perspective. London. pp. 116–120. ISBN 978-1-1363-8064-8.
  43. (Tranfaglia & Zunino 1998, p. 193)

Bibliography
  • Tranfaglia, Nicola; Zunino, Pier Giorgio (1998). Guida all'Italia contemporanea, 1861–1997 (in Italian). 4. Garzanti. ISBN 978-88-11-34204-5.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.