Aileen Hernandez

Hernandez was born Aileen Blanche Clarke on May 23, 1926, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jamaican immigrants Charles Henry Clarke Sr., an art supply executive, and Ethel Louise Hall, a seamstress.[2][3][4] As the only African-American family on their block in Bay Ridge,[5] they were subjected to racial discrimination from their neighbors, something she would later point to as a reason for her interest in political activism.[2][1][3] Hernandez was educated at the all-girls Bay Ridge High School in Brooklyn and later received a scholarship to attend Howard University.[4] At Howard, she received a degree in sociology and political science, graduating magna cum laude, and was a member of the college's chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[3]

Her interest in civil rights had been sustained by an experience she had in Washington, D.C., fresh off the train from New York to start at Howard. When she asked a station attendant for a way to the university, she was told to hail a "black" taxi cab. Unaware of prevailing social conventions in the city, she assumed that this referred to the color of the car. However, "this wasn't the issue," she later said in an interview with Makers. "If you wanted to go to Howard University," a traditionally African-American university, "no taxi driver who was white was going to take you."[1][6]

After graduation she went to Norway and, through the International Student Exchange program, did graduate work in comparative government at the University of Oslo.[4] When she returned to the United States, Hernandez began graduate studies at New York University, but left for California in 1951 upon learning that the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) had an open place in their labor college, which aimed to train new labor leaders.[2][1][3]

Active as an organizer with the ILGWU, Hernandez eventually became the Education and Public Relations Director for the union's Pacific coast region. In 1960, she visited six South American countries under the auspices of the US State Department, where she gave lectures on the United States. A year later, Hernandez finished a master's degree in government from the California State University at Los Angeles, shortly before she officially left the union to work on the comptroller campaign of Alan Cranston. With his victory, she was appointed as the Deputy Chief of the California Division of Fair Employment Practices. As a result of her work in this position, she was appointed by Lyndon Johnson in 1964 as the only woman on the newly established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.[4] However, she resigned in 1966 after just eighteen months, having been frustrated at the commission's lack of speed in addressing cases that involved sexual discrimination.[1][3][7]

Hernandez helped found the National Organization for Women (NOW), and was its second national president from 1970 to 1971, during which time it organized the Women's Strike for Equality. One of her goals in this position was to reshape what she called the NOW's "embarrassingly elitist and middle-class" image, stating that "I'm much more interested in the problems of the mass woman than the professional ... The low-income woman isn't going to run to join NOW, but she's going to relate to our program because she has known for a long time the problems of combining a family with a job."[2] In spring 1970, she testified in front of a congressional subcommittee on the Equal Rights Amendment. After resigning the presidency, she co-founded NOW's Minority Women's Task Force but became frustrated with what she saw as the organization's unwillingness to take on racial inequity, especially within NOW itself. She eventually left NOW in 1979 after white candidates were elected to every officer position for the second straight year.[3]

In 1984, Hernandez and Clara Stanton Jones founded the black women's discussion group Black Women Stirring the Waters, in the San Francisco Bay Area.[8]

Other accomplishments of Hernandez's included co-founding the National Women's Political Caucus, Black Women Organized for Political Action, and a publishing company with nine African-American women.[2][1] She served as the co-chair of the National Urban Coalition and on the boards of or advisory committees of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the NAACP, and several other organizations, in addition to teaching within the University of California system and the University of San Francisco and founding an eponymous consulting firm.[3]

While working as an organizer for the ILGWU in 1957, Aileen Hernandez married Alfonso Hernandez, a garment cutter. Their marriage ended in 1961, the same year that she received her master's degree, summa cum laude, in government.[4]

Hernandez died on February 13, 2017, at the age of 90 from complications related to dementia.[2][1][9] The ACLU's deputy director Dorothy Ehrlich, who had known Hernandez from the 1970s, noted that "Aileen Hernandez’s entire life embodied the movement forward for women and people of color, and her significant role in that history will never be forgotten."[10] NOW's president Terry O'Neill wrote: "NOW's commitment to intersectional feminism is a direct legacy of Aileen Hernandez's unshakable belief in diversity and racial justice."[11]

• In 1989, the Northern California chapter of the ACLU gave Hernandez its civil liberties award for "decades of work for equality and justice."[10]
• In 2005, Hernandez was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize along with some 1,000 women from 150 nations, so honored for their work in social justice and civil rights.[11]

• Aileen C. Hernandez papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
• Biography at the National Women's History Project
• Honoring our Founders—National Organization for Women
• African American Women's Institute at Howard University—profile