Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry

Riemann surface theory shows that a compact Riemann surface has enough meromorphic functions on it, making it an algebraic curve. Under the name Riemann's existence theorem a deeper result on ramified coverings of a compact Riemann surface was known: such finite coverings as topological spaces are classified by permutation representations of the fundamental group of the complement of the ramification points. Since the Riemann surface property is local, such coverings are quite easily seen to be coverings in the complex-analytic sense. It is then possible to conclude that they come from covering maps of algebraic curves—that is, such coverings all come from finite extensions of the function field.

In the twentieth century, the Lefschetz principle, named for Solomon Lefschetz, was cited in algebraic geometry to justify the use of topological techniques for algebraic geometry over any algebraically closed field K of characteristic 0, by treating K as if it were the complex number field. An elementary form of it asserts that true statements of the first order theory of fields about C are true for any algebraically closed field K of characteristic zero. A precise principle and its proof are due to Alfred Tarski and are based in mathematical logic.[1][2]

This principle permits the carrying over of some results obtained using analytic or topological methods for algebraic varieties over C to other algebraically closed ground fields of characteristic 0.

Chow's theorem, proved by Wei-Liang Chow, is an example of the most immediately useful kind of comparison available. It states that an analytic subspace of complex projective space that is closed (in the ordinary topological sense) is an algebraic subvariety. This can be rephrased as "any analytic subspace of complex projective space which is closed in the strong topology is closed in the Zariski topology." This allows quite a free use of complex-analytic methods within the classical parts of algebraic geometry.

Foundations for the many relations between the two theories were put in place during the early part of the 1950s, as part of the business of laying the foundations of algebraic geometry to include, for example, techniques from Hodge theory. The major paper consolidating the theory was Géometrie Algébrique et Géométrie Analytique Serre (1956) by Jean-Pierre Serre, now usually referred to as GAGA. It proves general results that relate classes of algebraic varieties, regular morphisms and sheaves with classes of analytic spaces, holomorphic mappings and sheaves. It reduces all of these to the comparison of categories of sheaves.

Nowadays the phrase GAGA-style result is used for any theorem of comparison, allowing passage between a category of objects from algebraic geometry, and their morphisms, to a well-defined subcategory of analytic geometry objects and holomorphic mappings.

1. Let ${\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}$ be a scheme of finite type over C. Then there is a topological space X^an which as a set consists of the closed points of X with a continuous inclusion map λ_X: X^an → X. The topology on X^an is called the "complex topology" (and is very different from the subspace topology).
2. Suppose φ: X → Y is a morphism of schemes of locally finite type over C. Then there exists a continuous map φ^an: X^an → Y^an such λ_Y ° φ^an = φ ° λ_X.
3. There is a sheaf ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ on X^an such that ${\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {an} },{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} })}$ is a ringed space and λ_X: X^an → X becomes a map of ringed spaces. The space ${\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {an} },{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} })}$ is called the "analytification" of ${\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}$ and is an analytic space. For every φ: X → Y the map φ^an defined above is a mapping of analytic spaces. Furthermore, the map φ ↦ φ^an maps open immersions into open immersions. If X = Spec(C[x₁,...,x_n]) then X^an = Cⁿ and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }(U)}$ for every polydisc U is a suitable quotient of the space of holomorphic functions on U.
4. For every sheaf ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ on X (called algebraic sheaf) there is a sheaf ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ on X^an (called analytic sheaf) and a map of sheaves of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}$-modules ${\displaystyle \lambda _{X}^{*}:{\mathcal {F}}\rightarrow (\lambda _{X})_{*}{\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$. The sheaf ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ is defined as ${\displaystyle \lambda _{X}^{-1}{\mathcal {F}}\otimes _{\lambda _{X}^{-1}{\mathcal {O}}_{X}}{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }}$. The correspondence ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\mapsto {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ defines an exact functor from the category of sheaves over ${\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}$ to the category of sheaves of ${\displaystyle (X^{\mathrm {an} },{\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} })}$.
   The following two statements are the heart of Serre's GAGA theorem (as extended by Alexander Grothendieck, Amnon Neeman, and others.)
5. If f: X → Y is an arbitrary morphism of schemes of finite type over C and ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ is coherent then the natural map ${\displaystyle (f_{*}{\mathcal {F}})^{\mathrm {an} }\rightarrow f_{*}^{\mathrm {an} }{\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ is injective. If f is proper then this map is an isomorphism. One also has isomorphisms of all higher direct image sheaves ${\displaystyle (R^{i}f_{*}{\mathcal {F}})^{\mathrm {an} }\cong R^{i}f_{*}^{\mathrm {an} }{\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ in this case.
6. Now assume that X^an is Hausdorff and compact. If ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}},{\mathcal {G}}}$ are two coherent algebraic sheaves on ${\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {O}}_{X})}$ and if ${\displaystyle f\colon {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }\rightarrow {\mathcal {G}}^{\mathrm {an} }}$ is a map of sheaves of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }}$-modules then there exists a unique map of sheaves of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}$-modules ${\displaystyle \varphi$ :{\mathcal {F}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {G}}} with f = φ^an. If ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}}$ is a coherent analytic sheaf of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}^{\mathrm {an} }}$-modules over X^an then there exists a coherent algebraic sheaf ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}}$-modules and an isomorphism ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{\mathrm {an} }\cong {\mathcal {R}}}$.

In slightly lesser generality, the GAGA theorem asserts that the category of coherent algebraic sheaves on a complex projective variety X and the category of coherent analytic sheaves on the corresponding analytic space X^an are equivalent. The analytic space X^an is obtained roughly by pulling back to X the complex structure from Cⁿ through the coordinate charts. Indeed, phrasing the theorem in this manner is closer in spirit to Serre's paper, seeing how the full scheme-theoretic language that the above formal statement uses heavily had not yet been invented by the time of GAGA's publication.