Meromorphic function

Intuitively, a meromorphic function is a ratio of two well-behaved (holomorphic) functions. Such a function will still be well-behaved, except possibly at the points where the denominator of the fraction is zero. If the denominator has a zero at z and the numerator does not, then the value of the function will approach infinity; if both parts have a zero at z, then one must compare the multiplicity of these zeros.

From an algebraic point of view, if the function's domain is connected, then the set of meromorphic functions is the field of fractions of the integral domain of the set of holomorphic functions. This is analogous to the relationship between the rational numbers and the integers.

Both the field of study wherein the term is used and the precise meaning of the term changed in the 20th century. In the 1930s, in group theory, a meromorphic function (or meromorph) was a function from a group G into itself that preserved the product on the group. The image of this function was called an automorphism of G.[2] Similarly, a homomorphic function (or homomorph) was a function between groups that preserved the product, while a homomorphism was the image of a homomorph. This form of the term is now obsolete, and the related term meromorph is no longer used in group theory.

The term endomorphism is now used for the function itself, with no special name given to the image of the function.

Since the poles of a meromorphic function are isolated, there are at most countably many.[3] The set of poles can be infinite, as exemplified by the function

${\displaystyle f(z)=\csc z={\frac {1}{\sin z}}.}$

By using analytic continuation to eliminate removable singularities, meromorphic functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and the quotient ${\displaystyle f/g}$ can be formed unless ${\displaystyle g(z)=0}$ on a connected component of D. Thus, if D is connected, the meromorphic functions form a field, in fact a field extension of the complex numbers.

• All rational functions,[3] for example

${\displaystyle f(z)={\frac {z^{3}-2z+10}{z^{5}+3z-1}},}$

are meromorphic on the whole complex plane.

• The functions

${\displaystyle f(z)={\frac {e^{z}}{z}}\quad {\text{and}}\quad f(z)={\frac {\sin {z}}{(z-1)^{2}}}}$

as well as the gamma function and the Riemann zeta function are meromorphic on the whole complex plane.[3]

• The function

${\displaystyle f(z)=e^{\frac {1}{z}}}$

is defined in the whole complex plane except for the origin, 0. However, 0 is not a pole of this function, rather an essential singularity. Thus, this function is not meromorphic in the whole complex plane. However, it is meromorphic (even holomorphic) on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}}$.

• The complex logarithm function

${\displaystyle f(z)=\ln(z)}$

is not meromorphic on the whole complex plane, as it cannot be defined on the whole complex plane while only excluding a set of isolated points.[3]

• The function

${\displaystyle f(z)=\csc {\frac {1}{z}}={\frac {1}{\sin \left({\frac {1}{z}}\right)}}}$

is not meromorphic in the whole plane, since the point ${\displaystyle z=0}$ is an accumulation point of poles and is thus not an isolated singularity.[3]

• The function

${\displaystyle f(z)=\sin {\frac {1}{z}}}$

is not meromorphic either, as it has an essential singularity at 0.

On a Riemann surface, every point admits an open neighborhood which is biholomorphic to an open subset of the complex plane. Thereby the notion of a meromorphic function can be defined for every Riemann surface.

When D is the entire Riemann sphere, the field of meromorphic functions is simply the field of rational functions in one variable over the complex field, since one can prove that any meromorphic function on the sphere is rational. (This is a special case of the so-called GAGA principle.)

For every Riemann surface, a meromorphic function is the same as a holomorphic function that maps to the Riemann sphere and which is not constant ∞. The poles correspond to those complex numbers which are mapped to ∞.

On a non-compact Riemann surface, every meromorphic function can be realized as a quotient of two (globally defined) holomorphic functions. In contrast, on a compact Riemann surface, every holomorphic function is constant, while there always exist non-constant meromorphic functions.

Meromorphic functions on an elliptic curve are also known as elliptic functions.