Amiens Cathedral

According to local tradition, Christianity was brought to Amiens in the third century A.D. by two Christian martyrs, known as Firmin the Martyr and Firmin the Confessor. Saint Martin was baptised in Amiens in 334. The church was suppressed by the invasions of the Vandals, and did not recommence until the end of the fifth century, with the baptism of Clovis I in 498 or 499. The first Bishop of Amiens was Edibus, who participated in a Council in 511. An early cathedral with two churches dedicated to the two Fermins is said in documents to have existed on the site of the present church, but there is no archaeological evidence.[9]

A fire destroyed the two churches and much of the town, and a Romanesque cathedral was built to replace it between 1137 and 1152. This cathedral hosted the wedding in 1193 of King Philip II of France. In 1206 Amiens received a celebrated relic, the reputed head of John the Baptist, purchased in Constantinople. This relic made Amiens a major pilgrimage destination, and gave it an important source of revenue (The reliquary was destroyed during the French Revolution but a recreation made in 1876 by a Paris jeweler, using some of the original rock crystal, is displayed today in the Cathedral treasury).[9]

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  Exterior of Amiens Cathedral
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  Cutaway plan of the Cathedral

A fire destroyed the Romanesque cathedral in 1218. A plan for a new cathedral was made by master-builder Robert de Luzarches, and in 1220 Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy laid the first stone.[10] Luzarches revolutionised the system of Gothic construction by using pieces of stone of standardised sizes and forms, rather than making unique pieces for each function.[10] He was the architect until 1228, and was followed by Thomas de Cormont until 1258. His son, Renaud de Cormont, acted as the architect until 1288.[10]

The construction was carried out, unusually, from the west to the east, beginning in the nave. De Cormont gave the structure its striking dimensions and harmony by his construction of the grand arcades and the upper windows. The nave was completed in 1236, and by 1269, the upper windows of the choir were in place. At the end of the 13th century, the arms of the transept were completed, and in the beginning of the 14th century the facades and the upper towers were finished. While these works underway, the chapels between the buttresses and at the angles of the transept were added.[11]

The original design of the flying buttresses around the choir had them placed too high to counteract the force of the ceiling arch pushing outwards resulting in excessive lateral forces being placed on the vertical columns. The structure was only saved when masons placed a second row of more robust flying buttresses that connected lower down on the outer wall.[12]

In 1497 the four pillars of the transept crossing, as well as the two left columns of the chevet began to show cracks and other signs of stress. A team of experts examined the damage and carried out some repairs, but the cracks continued. The problem was finally resolved by the Pierre Tarisel, who in 1498 installed a wrought iron bar chain around the level to resist the forces pushing the stone columns outward. The chain was installed red hot to act as a cinch, tightening as it cooled, and is still in place.[12] In 1503 Tarisel took similar actions to reinforce portions of the entrance of the choir.[13]

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  The Flamboyant south rose window (16th c.)

In the 16th century, the cathedral suffered damage from fires, windstorms, and the explosion of a nearby powder mill, without major damage. It also underwent several modifications to accommodate changing styles; a new rose window, in the Flamboyant Gothic style, full of curls and counter-curls, was installed in the west transept. In the 18th century, architectural modifications were made to comply with new doctrines pronounced by the Council of Trent. The old medieval rood screen between the choir and nave was replaced by an ornate iron grill choir screen, so that the parishioners in the nave could see the altar. The altar itself was modified, removing the twelve massive candelabras and twelve chests of relics of martyred saints. Major works were also carried out to strengthen the flying buttresses.[14]

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  Interior of the cathedral by David Roberts (c. 1827)
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  Interior of the cathedral by Jules Victor Genisson (1842)
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  Sepia photograph of the cathedral in 1878

The cathedral, like other cathedrals across France, suffered considerable damage during the French Revolution. Much of the sculpture was battered with hammers, and many statues had their heads broken off. Much of the furniture and interior decoration disappeared; part of the cathedral was used as a storehouse for materials used in various Revolutionary celebrations.[15]

The cathedral was returned to its religious function in 1800, and the first restoration work began in 1802.[15] Beginning in 1810, the neoclassical architect Etienne Hyypolyte Godde was put in charge of the work, followed 1821 by Francois Auguste Cheussey, who commissioned three sculptors to make new statuary. After the press criticized faults in the sculpture and restoration, Cheussey resigned and was replaced in 1849 by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc began a more ambitious program aimed at restoring the building as much as possible to its medieval spirit, including the addition of sculpted gargoyles and other legendary Gothic creatures. Viollet-le-Duc worked almost continually on the Cathedral until 1874.[14]

The stained glass windows of the church were removed to protect them during both the First and Second World War, and the church suffered only minor damage. However, in 1920, some of the windows, which were being stored in the workshop of a master glass maker, for their protection, were destroyed by a fire.

Between 1973 and 1980, the flèche, or spire, was entirely restored. In 1981, the cathedral was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Restoration of the west facade was completed in 2001. In 1992, the art historian Stephen Murray was appointed by the French Ministry of Culture in the scientific committee to oversee the restoration of Amiens Cathedral: Murray was made an honorary citizen of Amiens and awarded an honorary Doctorate at University of Picardy, Jules Verne, following this work.[16][17][18]

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  The rose window and gallery of Kings on the west facade
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  West portals of Amiens Cathedral
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  Christ rendering judgement in the central portal
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  Local saints including the decapitated martyrs, Victoricus and Gentian, in the west portals
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  Smiling Virgin statue on west portal

The west facade of the cathedral was built in a single campaign from 1220 to 1236, and shows an unusual degree of artistic unity. The level of the rose window was finished in about 1240. Afterward, construction moved more slowly. The upper parts of the towers were not completed until the 14th century.[19]

The facade has three deep porches with pointed arches, covering the three portals. Above the portals are two galleries; the upper is the Gallery of Kings, with twenty-two life-size statues of the Kings of France. Nearly all of the statues date to the restoration by Viollet-le-Duc. Above the gallery is the rose window, whose stone tracery or framework dates from the 16th century. Above the rose window is the Musicians or Bellringers gallery, a 19th-century reconstruction of the original.

The central portal is dedicated to the Last Judgement, the left portal to the martyr Saint Firmin; and the right portal to the Virgin Mary. Over each portal is a tympanum filled with sculpture. The centerpiece of the Tympanum of the Last Judgement is the figure of Christ, raising his hands, judging those below him. On his right and left, the Virgin Mary and Saint John appeal to him to be merciful. The good Christians, to his right, are escorted to Paradise, while the sinners, to his left, are marched to hell. A recent cleaning of the sculpture revealed traces of the painted red marks on Christ's hands, representing where nails were driven during his crucifixion.[20]

Statues of saints in the tympanum include locally venerated Saints Victoricus and Gentian, Saint Domitius, Saint Ulphia, and Saint Fermin.[21]

The upper portions of the towers of the west facade, above the rose window, were later constructions, and are of different heights. The south bell tower on the right facing the facade, is shorter and was completed first in about 1366, The north tower was completed in 1406, and is decorated in the late Gothic Flamboyant style.[22] The elaborate Bell-Ringers or Musicians Gallery, which joins the two towers at the roof level, was added at this time, and was substantially restored or recreated in the 19th century by Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc redesigned the gallery on the model of the gallery of Chartres Cathedral from the same period.[23]

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  The flamboyant north tower (c. 1406) and the south tower (c. 1366)
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  The south tower, with a sundial on the left

One unusual feature of the towers is the Beau Pilier (Beautiful pillar), a supporting buttress that was added in the 14th century at the junction between the north tower the first of two new chapels built on the north side. The pillar and chapels were commissioned by Jean de la Grange, Bishop of Amiens (1373–1375) who was a principal advisor to King Charles VI of France.

The pillar holds nine statues representing the major political, religious and military figures of France at the time; at the bottom, Cardinal de la Grange himself; The Chamberlain, Bureau de la Riviere, and Admiral Jean de Vienne, above them, King Charles himself (Centre); his son the Dauphin, the future King Charles VI of France, and his younger son. Above these statues are statues of John the Baptist, The Virgin Mary, and Saint Firmin. [24]

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  King Charles I of France, on the Beau Pilier (14th c.)
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  Sculpture on the Beau Pilier – St, John the Baptist (14th c.)
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  The Virgin Mary on the Beau Pilier (14th c.)

The original 13th-century flèche, or spire of the cathedral, located over the crossing point of the transept and nave, was destroyed by lightning in 1528, but was replaced by a new flèche, constructed of a wooden frame covered with gilded lead plates. It was frequently damaged by storms and repaired in the following years but, unlike the flèche of Notre Dame de Paris, it was never entirely redesigned and rebuilt. It still retains most of its original 16th century materials, including its wooden framework.[25] From the ground to sculpted rooster at the pinnacle, the flèche reaches a height of 112.70 m (369.8 ft).[2]

The statues on the flèche, made of lead, represent Christ (facing the nave); Saint Paul, Saint Firmin (wearing a Bishop's mitre); Saint John the Evangelist; The Virgin Mary crowned and holding the infant Jesus; Saint John the Baptist; Saint James the Great and Saint Peter.

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  The fleche as drawn by Viollet-le-Duc
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  The fleche of Amiens Cathedral (16th c.)
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  Sculpture of the flèche

The flying buttresses are the architectural feature that made possible the exceptional height of the walls of the nave and choir. The arched buttresses leap over the outer, lower level of the cathedral, where the ambulatory and chapels are located, to strengthen the upper walls of the clerestory. They counteract the outward and downward thrust of the vaulted ceiling, so that the walls between the buttresses can be thin and filled with large windows. The buttresses were later given additional strength by the placement of heavy stone pinnacles on top of their bases.[26] The buttresses of the nave are older, from about 1230, and each pier has two arches, one above the other. They both make a single jump to the wall of the nave; one arch meets the wall just above the point of maximum outward thrust from the vaults; the other just below.

The buttresses of the choir, finished in about 1260, have an entirely different design. Each buttress has two supporting piers, one taller than the other, and the arches make two jumps to reach the wall, meeting it at the point of maximum outward thrust. The choir buttresses have an additional function; channels in the top of the stone arches carry rain water as far as possible from the structure, jetting it out from the mouths of carved gargoyles.

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  The flying buttresses between the bays supporting the upper walls of the choir
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  The early buttresses of the nave, drawn by Viollet-Le-Duc (c. 1230)
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  The later reinforced double buttresses of the choir (c. 1260)

The nave and the transept were the areas where the public worshiped, while the choir was reserved for clergy. At Amiens, the Nave followed the model of the Early Gothic Chartres Cathedral and Soissons Cathedral. The elevation has three levels; the grand arcades, the triforium, and the clerestory at the top. The grand arcades, unlike earlier cathedrals, occupy a full half of the height of the wall. The pillars of the arcade, eighteen meters high, are composed of massive columns surrounded by four thinner colonettes, which continue up the walls to support the vaulted ceiling. The total height of the walls beneath the vaults is 42 meters, compared with 36 meters at Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral. They are exceeded in height only by Beauvais Cathedral, whose vaults partially collapsed in 1284.[27]

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  The Baroque pulpit and the nave
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  The upper windows of the nave

The Baroque pulpit, on the north side of the nave, was installed in 1773. It is made of painted and gilded wood. The reading platform is supported by statues representing Faith, Hope and Charity. Over the pulpit is a gilded stone background like a drapery. The covering above, resembling clouds, is supported by carved stone angels. Atop the "clouds" is another angel, hand uplifted, holding a book with the inscription, Hoc fac et vives (Do this and you shall live).[28]

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  The Baroque pulpit
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  Detail of the pulpit; Faith, Hope, and Charity
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  The angel atop the Pulpit

The transept crossing the church in the center is seventy meters long, and divided into three vessels. The centre of the transept, where it crosses the nave, is covered by a massive star vault, one of the earliest in France, supported by four massive pillars. The elevation has three levels, like the nave; the arcades, triforium and the clerestory at the top. The triforium and the clerestory are entirely walled with stained glass, filling the center of the cathedral with light.[29] The rose windows are later additions. The north rose window is in the Rayonnant style, while the later south rose window is in the Flamboyant style. The spire over the central crossing was added between 1529 and 1533.[2]

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  Transept and north stained glass windows
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  The star vault of the transept, where it meets the nave
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  South transept rose window (16th century)

The choir stalls, made in the early 16th century, are among the treasures of the cathedral. One hundred ten of the one hundred twenty seats are original. The upper rows were occupied by the chanoines the lower by the chaplains. The King's representative occupied the first seat in the north stalls, and the Doyen of the cathedral, or most senior cleric, the first seat in the south stalls.[30]

The stalls are decorated with a multitude of carved figures; more than four thousand figures from the Old and New Testaments. The armrests, pendentives and dais are also richly decorated with sculpted images of animals, real and mythical, and images of craftsmen of the different professions and trades in the city. One hundred ten of the original one hundred twenty stalls are still in place.[30]

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  The choir and choir stalls, facing east to the apse
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  The choir stalls
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  Detail of the choir stall carvings – the Assumption

The ambulatory surrounding the choir is richly decorated with polychrome sculpture and flanked by numerous chapels. One of the most sumptuous is the Drapers' chapel. The cloth industry was the most dynamic component of the medieval economy, especially in northern France, and the cloth merchants were keen to display their wealth and civic pride. Another striking chapel is dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury, a 13th-century dedication that complements the cathedral's own very full list of martyrs.

The interior contains works of art and decoration from every period since the building of the cathedral. There are notably baroque paintings of the 17th century, by artists such as Frans II Francken and Laurent de La Hyre.

Among the most celebrated art treasures of the cathedral are the polychrome sculptures which are displayed in the ambulatory, on the outer walls of the enclosure of the Choir. They illustrate the lives of Saint Fermin (south side, made between 1490 and 1530) and John the Baptist (north side, made in 1531)). Both subjects were connected with the Cathedral; The purported head of John the Baptist was an important relic held in the Treasury, and the martyred Saint Fermin was considered the first bishop of Amiens. Another group of polychrome sculpture in the north ambulatory depicts in imaginative fashion Christ's cleansing of the Temple. The tombs of several bishops and other religious figures of the cathedral, also abundantly decorated are found in the lower portions of the enclosure, below the sculptural scenes.[31]

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  Scenes from the life of St. Firmin and the tomb of Bishop Ferry de Beauvoir (1490–1530)
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  A scene from the life of Saint Firmin

In the mid-18th century the centre of the Cathedral was entirely redesigned in the Baroque style, to follow changes in church doctrine and architecture dictated by the Vatican Council. A new floor of coloured marble was installed, along with a new main altar. In 1768 the "Gloire", a monumental Baroque screen of sculpted and gilded wood representing heaven and crowded with sculpture of cherubs and angel was placed behind the altar. [32]

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  Detail of the Baroque choir grill (18th c.)
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  The baroque high altar and "Gloire" screen (1755–68)
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  Detail of the "Gloire" screen

A labyrinth in the centre of the floor of the nave was a common feature of early and High Gothic cathedrals; they were also found in the cathedrals of Sens, Chartres, Arras and Reims. It symbolised the obstacles and twists and turns of the journey toward salvation, but also showed that with determination the journey was possible. On certain religious holidays, pilgrims would follow the labyrinth on their knees. The Amiens labyrinth is 240 meters long. It was originally put in place in 1288 by the architect Rene de Cormont. The labyrinth today is not the original, but an exact copy, made in the 19th century.[33]

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  The labyrinth on the floor of the nave
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  The centre of the labyrinth

The east end of the cathedral largely preserves the original medieval design, containing the choir, the space reserved for the clergy. It is surrounded by a very ornate carved wooden screen, and seven chapels in the semicircular apse. An ambulatory allows visitors to walk around the circuit of the chapels behind the choir.[30]

The semicircular wall at the east end marked a new stage in the development of the Gothic. The upper walls of the clerestory, just beneath the vaults, and the walls of the triforium below them were entirely filled with glass. The arches of the triforium and arcades were topped with pointed arches, stressing the vertical, and admitted a maximum amount of light from different heights and directions, depending upon the time of day. Light also filtered down into the disambulatory from the upper levels.[30]

Seven chapels are arranged around the semicircular east end. The Lady's Chapel, dedicated to The Virgin Mary, was at the very end of the cathedral, was reserved for the servants of the Canons who lived in the cloisters of the cathedral. The first chapel on the south side of the chevet is devoted to Saint Eloi, and now serves as the entrance to the cathedral treasury. Its primary decoration is a series of eight paintings of the Sibyls from the 16th century.

Three of the chapels in the east end were entirely redone by Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century; those of St. Theodisius, in the north, The Lady's Chapel (Notre-Dame-Drapiere) in the centre, and Saint Jacques or the Sacred Heart, in the south. Viollet-le-Duc designed the furniture and decoration, including the gilded bronze altar in the Chapel of the Sacred Heart.[25]

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  The chevet or east end of the cathedral, with its radiating chapels
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  Chapel of St. Eloi, painting of a Sibyl (16th century)
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  Chapel of Notre Dame-Drapiere (Lady's Chapel) (19th century)

In addition to the chapels at the east end, small chapels occupy both sides of the nave and angles of the transept. The original decoration of these chapels was replaced in the 18th century by the present decor. Each chapel is dedicated to a particular saint, and features large paintings reaching up to the windows, altars, stone and wooden statuary, all from the 18th century. The chapels are closed by ornamental wrought-iron screens and gates.[34]

In the north transept, the Chapel of Saint Peter occupies the northeast corner. It was created in response to the plague epidemic that struck Amiens in 1667–68, but was not completed until 1709. It was made by Gilles Oppenord, one of the pioneers of the Rococo style.

On the east side of the north transept is the Chapel of Saint Sebastian, also known as the Chapel of the Green Pillar. At its summit is a sculpture by Nicolas Blasset, "Saint Sebastian surrounded by the allegories of Justice, Peace, and Saint Roche", which was completed in 1627. A sculpture of Saint Louis by Louis Duthoit was added to the chapel in 1832.[34]

On the west wall of the north transept are four scenes in high relief showing Christ driving the merchants from the Temple, made in 1523 by Jean Wytz.

Another early work in the transept is the altarpiece of the Chapel of Our Lady of the Red Pillar, an assembly of sculpture and paintings, clustered around a main pillar. It was completed in 1627 by Nicolas Blasset. The painting of the Assumption of Mary (1627) is by François Franken, and the sculptures of Saint Sebastian, the Virgin Mary, David and Solomon, and Judith and Saint Genevieve, made by Blasset.[34]

The south transept contains the Chapel of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in the southeast corner, with statues of those saints made by Jean-Baptiste Michel Dupuis in 1749. It also contains an altarpiece with a painting of the Adoration of the Magi from the early 18th century.

A group of polychrome reliefs illustrating the vow of John the Baptist, made in 1511, is found on the west wall of the south transept.[34]

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  The Altar of the Chapel of the Red Pillar (1627)
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  Saint Sebastian, by Nicolas Blasset in the Chapel of the Green Pillar
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  Altar of the Chapel of the Green Pillar (17th c.)

The three rose windows each represent a different period of the cathedral's construction. The rose window on the west facade is the oldest, from 1221–1230, from the High Gothic period, and represents Christ surrounded by the symbolic figures of the Apocalypse. The rose window of the north transept has the characteristic radiating tracery of the Rayonnant Gothic.[39]

The rose window of the south transept is the latest, from 1489–90, with the curves and reverse curves of the late Gothic Flamboyant style. It depicts fourteen angels, heads towards the centre of the window, in a style characteristic of the Picard style of window in the 15th century.[40]

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  High Gothic rose window of the west facade (1221–1230)
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  Rayonnant rose window of the north transept (14th c.)
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  Flamboyant rose window of the south transept (16th c.)