Amina Lawal

Amina Lawal Kurami (born 1972) is a Nigerian woman. On 22 March 2002, an Islamic Sharia court (in Funtua, Nigeria in the northern state of Katsina) sentenced her to death by stoning for adultery and for conceiving a child out of wedlock. The person she identified as the father of the child was not prosecuted for lack of evidence and deemed innocent by the court without any DNA tests.[1][2]

Lawal's conviction sparked an international controversy. It was overturned by a Sharia Court of Appeals which ruled that it violated Islamic law, and she later remarried.[3][4][5]

Background
Further information: Zina

Lawal was the second Nigerian woman condemned to death by stoning for engaging in sex before marriage. The first woman, Safiya Hussaini, had her sentence overturned in March 2002 on her first appeal. Sharia law was established in northern Nigeria's mostly Muslim state Zamfara in 2000 and has since spread to at least twelve other states.[6][7][8][9]

Appeals and acquittal

On 19 August 2002, Lawal's first appeal against the stoning sentence was rejected by an Islamic court in Katsina State of Nigeria. The appeals judge stated that the sentence would be carried out as soon as Kurami weaned her daughter from breast-feeding.[10]

A second appeal was put in motion and on 25 September 2003 Lawal's sentence of death by stoning for adultery was overturned by a five-judge panel of Katsina State Sharia Court of Appeal. Four of the five judges ruled that the conviction violated Islamic law on a number of points, which included: the defendant's right to proper legal defence was not ensured; the circumstantial evidence of her pregnancy was not sufficient; the confession of the accused was not valid; and only one instead of the required three judges was present at the time of conviction.[3][4][6]

Baobab for Women's Human Rights, an NGO based in Nigeria, took up her case, which was argued by Nigerian lawyers trained in both secular and Sharia law. Lawal's lawyers included Hauwa Ibrahim, a prominent human rights lawyer known for her pro bono work for people condemned under Sharia law. In their successful defence of Amina Lawal, lawyers used the notion of "extended pregnancy" (dormant foetus), arguing that under Sharia law, a five-year interval is possible between human conception and birth;[11] two years prior to the date of her daughter's birth, she was still married to her husband.[9][4]

Reactions

The affair exposed civil and religious tensions between the Christian and Muslim regions of Nigeria. The sentence also caused widespread outrage in the West, and a number of campaigns were launched to persuade the Nigerian government to overturn the sentence. Several contestants of the Miss World beauty contest, to be held in Nigeria in 2002, pulled out of the contest to protest against Amina Lawal's treatment. The Oprah Winfrey Show had a special report on Amina Lawal and encouraged viewers to send protest e-mails to the Nigerian Ambassador to the United States: over 1.2 million e-mails ensued.

A 2002 Petition called "save Amina" gathered a few thousand signatures then a 2003 e-communication with the subject line "“Please Stop the International Amina Lawal Protest Letter Campaigns" signed by Ayesha Iman and Sindi Medar-Gould who represented two Nigerian Human Rights organizations said the "save Amina" petition had some inaccuracies including a false assertion that execution of the sentence was imminent. They further contested that "There is an unbecoming arrogance in assuming that international human rights organizations or others always know better than those directly involved, and therefore can take actions that fly in the face of their express wishes".[12][13]

In May 2003, the official response of the Embassy of Nigeria in the Netherlands to the then Sharia-based trial of the State of Katsina in Nigeria, was that no court had given a stoning order on Lawal. They claimed the reports were "unfounded and malicious" and were "calculated to ridicule the Nigerian judicial system and the country’s image before the international community." They claimed no knowledge of such a case.[14]

Ambassador A.A. Agada of the Embassy of Nigeria in Washington D.C., U.S., was more forthcoming in recognizing the case of Lawal and stated on 29 August 2003: "the Embassy wishes to inform that Malama Amina Lawal has three levels of courts of appeal before the final determination of her case. The Embassy hereby assures the general public that Malama Lawal's right to a fair hearing under the Nigerian Constitution is guaranteed. Therefore due appellate processes will be followed to ensure the rule of law".[15]

As noted in the Author Q&A at the end of Will Ferguson's novel 419, the fictional character Amina—a young pregnant woman fleeing the Sharia states of northern Nigeria on foot—was based on Amina Lawal.

Alison M. Jaggar, an American philosopher, wrote an article in 2005 pertaining to this case, titled "Saving Amina".

See also

Notes
  1. "Facing Death for Adultery, Nigerian Woman Is Acquitted". Archived from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
  2. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Stoning to death: A woman saved, a man condemned". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  3. John L. Esposito; Dalia Mogahed (2008). Who Speaks For Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press (Kindle edition). p. Kindle loc. 370.
  4. Hauwa Ibrahim. "Reflections on the Case of Amina Lawal" (PDF). Human Rights Brief, American University Washington College of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-23. Retrieved Feb 27, 2017.
  5. When saving a life is worth risking your own / A talk with lawyers on Nigerian stoning case
  6. "Amina Lawal Wins Appeal Against Stoning". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  7. "Nigeria: Amina Lawal's Death Sentence Quashed but Questions Remain". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  8. "Amina Lawal: Sex, Pregnancy and Muslim Law". Archived from the original on 2010-05-03. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  9. "Nigerian woman fights stoning". Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  10. "FMF & Now Protest Woman's Death Sentence at Nigerian Embassy". MS magazine. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  11. "Religious tolerance". Archived from the original on 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  12. Pogge, Thomas; Jaggar, Alison (2005). Follesdal, Andreas (ed.). Real world justice : grounds, principles, human rights, and social institutions. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1402031410. Archived from the original on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  13. Jaggar, Alison M. (28 September 2012). ""Saving Amina": Global Justice for Women and Intercultural Dialogue". Ethics & International Affairs. 19 (3): 55–75. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00554.x.
  14. "Amina". NL: Nigerian embassy. Archived from the original on 2003-12-18. Retrieved 2006-07-17.
  15. "The case of Amina Lawal". Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
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