Aphonopelma

Aphonopelma is a genus of tarantulas native to the Americas. It includes nearly all the North American tarantula species north of Mexico and a considerable percentage of the tarantula species that range into Central America. Most are fairly large tarantulas with leg spans of 6 in (16 cm) or more. Like most New World tarantulas, all species of Aphonopelma have urticating hairs. Despite their fearsome appearance, these tarantulas are not harmful to humans and some species are popular in the pet trade. With about 90 species described so far, Aphonopelma comprises about 10% of the total number of described tarantula species. However, their taxonomy is poorly understood and species are difficult to tell apart, especially those that are brown or black without other pattern. Therefore, the actual number of species is unknown, with more species likely to be identified in the near future. In captivity, they are usually fed crickets; in the wild, they eat most insects, including crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, mantises, and beetles.

Aphonopelma
Female Aphonopelma seemanni
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Mygalomorphae
Family: Theraphosidae
Genus: Aphonopelma
Pocock, 1901[1]
Type species
Eurypelma seemanni
Species

See text.

Diversity
61–87 species, depending on the source
Synonyms

Apachepelma Smith, 1995
Chaunopelma Chamberlin, 1940
Delopelma Petrunkevitch, 1939
Dugesiella Pocock, 1901
Gosipelma Chamberlin, 1940
Rhechostica Simon, 1892

Taxonomy

The genus has a complicated taxonomic history. It was erected in 1901 by Reginald I. Pocock, when he split up Eurypelma (now Avicularia), with the type species Eurypelma seemanni. Pocock also separated off the genus Dugesiella. Two more new genera were later distinguished from Aphonopelma: Delopelma by Alexander Petrunkevitch in 1939 and Chaunopelma by Joseph C. Chamberlin in 1940. In 1985, Robert J. Raven reviewed mygalomorph genera and considered the differences among all these genera to be insignificant. He synonymized them under the name Rhechostica, which had been published by Eugène Simon in 1892, so had priority. Since the name Aphonopelma was much better known than Rechostica, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1991 agreed to give Aphonopelma precedence over Rhechostica. In 1995, Smith erected the genus Apachepelma for the species A. paloma; in 1997, Prentice transferred it back to Aphonopelma.[2]

California ebony tarantula (Aphonopelma eutylenum) wandering near Exeter, CA

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the genus is not monophyletic. Two groups of species are apparent: one from Central America, including the type species A. seemanni from Costa Rica, and another made up of species found in the United States. The relationship between the two groups and the genus Sericopelma is shown in the cladogram below. With further research, a new genus may be needed for the American group of species.[2]

 
 

Aphonopelma species from Central America

 
 
 

Sericopelma

 
 

Aphonopelma species from the US

 
 
 

Species

As of March 2020, the World Spider Catalog accepted 59 species.[1] A monograph of the genus within the United States, published in 2016, made some major revisions. Only 15 of the original 55 U.S. species were fully accepted, 33 were reduced to synonyms, and seven to nomina dubia (doubtful names). A further 14 new U.S. species were then described.[2]

Species names rejected in the 2016 monograph include:[2]

  • Aphonopelma apacheum Chamberlin, 1940 = A. chalcodes
  • Aphonopelma arnoldi Smith, 1995 = A. armada
  • Aphonopelma baergi Chamberlin, 1940, nom. dub.
  • Aphonopelma behlei Chamberlin, 1940 = A. marxi
  • Aphonopelma breenei Smith, 1995 = A. anax
  • Aphonopelma brunnius Chamberlin, 1940 = A. iodius
  • Aphonopelma chambersi Smith, 1995 = A. eutylenum
  • Aphonopelma chamberlini Smith, 1995 = A. iodius
  • Aphonopelma clarki Smith, 1995 = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma clarum Chamberlin, 1940 = A. eutylenum
  • Aphonopelma coloradanum (Chamberlin, 1940) = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma cratium Chamberlin, 1940, nom. dub.
  • Aphonopelma cryptethum Chamberlin, 1940 = A. eutylenum
  • Aphonopelma echinum (Chamberlin, 1940) = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma gurleyi Smith, 1995 = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma harlingenum (Chamberlin, 1940) = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma heterops Chamberlin, 1940 = A. moderatum
  • Aphonopelma iviei Smith, 1995 = A. iodius
  • Aphonopelma jungi Smith, 1995 = A. vorhiesi
  • Aphonopelma lithodomum Chamberlin, 1940 = A. iodius
  • Aphonopelma minchi Smith, 1995 = A. chalcodes
  • Aphonopelma mordax (Ausserer, 1871), nom. dub.
  • Aphonopelma odelli Smith, 1995 = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma phanum Chamberlin, 1940 = A. steindachneri
  • Aphonopelma punzoi Smith, 1995 = A. vorhiesi
  • Aphonopelma radinum (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939), nom. dub.
  • Aphonopelma reversum Chamberlin, 1940 = A. steindachneri
  • Aphonopelma rothi Smith, 1995 = A. chalcodes
  • Aphonopelma rusticum (Simon, 1891), nom. dub.
  • Aphonopelma sandersoni Smith, 1995 = A. eutylenum
  • Aphonopelma schmidti Smith, 1995 = A. chalcodes
  • Aphonopelma smithi Smith, 1995 = A. iodius
  • Aphonopelma stahnkei Smith, 1995 = A. chalcodes
  • Aphonopelma texense (Simon, 1891), nom. dub.
  • Aphonopelma vogelae Smith, 1995 = A. marxi
  • Aphonopelma waconum (Chamberlin, 1940) = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma wichitanum (Chamberlin, 1940) = A. hentzi
  • Aphonopelma zionis Chamberlin, 1940 = A. iodius

References
  1. "Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2020-03-01
  2. Hamilton, Chris A.; Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E. (2016-02-04), "Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States", ZooKeys (560): 1–340, doi:10.3897/zookeys.560.6264, PMC 4768370, PMID 27006611
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