Arches Cluster

The Arches Cluster is the densest known star cluster in the Milky Way located about 100 light-years from its center, in the constellation Sagittarius (The Archer), 25,000 light-years from Earth. The discovery of this cluster was reported by Nagata et al. in 1995,[1] and independently by Cotera et al. in 1996.[2] Due to extremely heavy optical extinction by dust in this region, the Arches Cluster is obscured in the visual bands, and is observed in the X-ray, infrared, and radio bands. It contains approximately 135 young, very hot stars that are many times larger and more massive than the Sun, plus many thousands of less massive stars.[3]

Arches Cluster
Arches Cluster in J, H, and K infrared bands (NACO adaptive optics on ESO’s Very Large Telescope)
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Sagittarius
Right ascension	17h 45m 50.5s
Declination	–28° 49′ 28″
Distance	25 kly (8.5 kpc)
Physical characteristics
Notable features	Optically obscured

Arches Cluster in infrared (NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope)

This star cluster is estimated to be around two and a half million years old.[3][4] Although larger and denser than the nearby Quintuplet Cluster, it appears to be slightly younger. Only stars earlier and more massive than O5 have evolved away from the main sequence while the Quintuplet Cluster includes a number of hot supergiants as well as a red supergiant and three luminous blue variables.[4]

The most prominent members of the Arches Cluster are hot emission line stars: thirteen Wolf–Rayet stars, all massive hydrogen-rich types; and eight class O hypergiants. One of these is an eclipsing binary with a Wolf-Rayet primary and a class O supergiant secondary. X-ray emission from the cluster suggests that many other members are also in close binary systems with two hot luminous members, but there is little evidence of the evolution of these stars being affected by binary mass exchange. The spectral classes and their properties merge smoothly from the main sequence to normal class O giants and supergiants, to class O hypergiants, to the presumed most evolved Wolf-Rayets. One star is intermediate between WN8-9h and O4-6 Ia⁺. There are no cooler evolved stars.[4]

Work by Donald Figer, an astronomer at the Rochester Institute of Technology suggests that 150 solar masses (M_☉) is the upper limit of stellar mass in the current era of the universe. He used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe about a thousand stars in the Arches cluster and found no stars over that limit despite a statistical expectation that there should be several.[5] However, later research demonstrated a very high sensitivity of the calculated star masses upon the extinction laws used for mass derivation, which can affect the upper mass limit by about 30% using different extinction laws[6] (possibly from 150 M_☉ to about 100 M_☉).