Armistice Day

Armistice Day is commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France at 5:45 am,[1] for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at eleven in the morning—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918. But, according to Thomas R. Gowenlock, an intelligence officer with the U.S. First Division, shelling from both sides continued for the rest of the day, ending only at nightfall.[2][3] The armistice initially expired after a period of 36 days and had to be extended several times. A formal peace agreement was only reached when the Treaty of Versailles was signed the following year.[4]

This article is about the memorial day to honour the war dead following the Armistice at the end of World War I. For memorials on 11 November after World War II, associated traditions in Commonwealth countries and more details of related memorials in other countries, see Remembrance Day.

Armistice Day
Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918
Observed byBelgium, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and many other countries
SignificanceCommemoration of the signing of the Armistice between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers effectively ending all military operations and hostilities in all theatres and fronts of World War I at Compiègne, France
Date11 November
Next time11 November 2021 (2021-11-11)
FrequencyAnnual
First timeWorld's first official observance at Buckingham Palace, London, on 11 November 1919
Related toCoincides with Remembrance Day and Veterans Day; and related to Remembrance Sunday
Armistice Day celebrations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 11 November 1918

The date is a national holiday in France, and was declared a national holiday in many Allied nations. However, many Western countries and associated nations have since changed the name of the holiday from Armistice Day, with member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopting Remembrance Day, and the United States government opting for Veterans Day.[5] In some countries Armistice Day coincides with other public holidays.

On 11 November 2018, the centenary of the World War One Armistice, commemorations were held globally. In France, more than 60 heads of government and heads of state gathered at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[6]

History in Allied countries

The first Armistice Day was held at Buckingham Palace, commencing with King George V hosting a "Banquet in Honour of the President of the French Republic"[7] during the evening hours of 10 November 1919. The first official Armistice Day events were subsequently held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace on the morning of 11 November 1919,[8] which included a two-minute silence as a mark of respect for those who died in the war and those left behind.[9]

Similar ceremonies developed in other countries during the inter-war period. In South Africa, for example, the Memorable Order of Tin Hats had by the late 1920s developed a ceremony whereby the toast of "Fallen Comrades" was observed not only in silence but darkness, all except for the "Light of Remembrance", with the ceremony ending with the Order's anthem "Old Soldiers Never Die".[10][Note 1]

In Britain, beginning in 1939, the two-minute silence was moved to the Sunday nearest to 11 November in order not to interfere with wartime production should 11 November fall on a weekday.[12] This became Remembrance Sunday.

After the end of World War II, most member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, followed the earlier example of Canada and adopted the name Remembrance Day.[13]

Other countries also changed the name of the holiday just prior to or after World War II, to honour veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. The United States chose All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day', to explicitly honour military veterans, including those participating in other conflicts.[14]

21st century
Further information on commemorations of the war in different countries: Remembrance Day

In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, both Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday are commemorated formally, but are not public holidays. The National Service of Remembrance is held in London on Remembrance Sunday.

In the United States, Veterans Day honours American veterans, both living and deceased. The official national remembrance of those killed in action is Memorial Day, which predates World War I. Some, including American novelist Kurt Vonnegut and American Veteran For Peace Rory Fanning, have urged Americans to resume observation of 11 November as Armistice Day, a day to reflect on how we can achieve peace as it was originally observed.[15]

In Poland, National Independence Day is a public holiday, celebrated on 11 November to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, after 123 years of partition by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Empire.[16]

Presidential couple of France and Prime Ministerial couple of Spain in the centenary commemoration of the Armistice, 2018

"Armistice Day" remains the name of the holiday in France ("Armistice de la Première Guerre mondiale")[17] and Belgium.[18]

It has been a statutory holiday in Serbia since 2012. Serbia is an Allied force that suffered the largest casualty rate in World War I. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear Natalie's ramonda as a symbol of remembrance.[19]

Ceremonies are held in Kenya over the weekend two weeks after Armistice Day. This is because news of the armistice only reached African forces, the King's African Rifles, still fighting with great success in today's Zambia about a fortnight later, where the German and British commanders then had to agree on the protocols for their own armistice ceremony.[20]

See also

Footnotes
  1. Some sources report (all in identical words) that the South Australian State Branch of the Returned Sailors & Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia developed a simple ceremony of silence for departed comrades at 9 p.m., but there is no reliable source confirming that this happened on Armistice Day. The Club Palm Beach (formerly Palm Beach RSL) reports that a silence was observed in Adelaide in 1916 to mark the landing at Gallipoli.[11]

References
  1. "Armistice: The End of World War I, 1918". EyeWitness to History. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  2. "How World War I Soldiers Celebrated the Armistice". 10 November 2016.
  3. Gowenlock, Thomas (1937). Soldiers of Darkness. Doubleday, Doran & Co. OCLC 1827765.
  4. Shushkewich, Val (2005). The real Winnie : a one-of-a-kind bear. Natural Heritage Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1554883509.
  5. Osborne, Samuel (11 November 2015). "Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  6. Addley, Esther (12 November 2018). "People gather around world to mark armistice centenary". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  7. "Banquet in honour of The President of the French Republic, Monday 10 November 1919". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 1000799.
  8. Osborne, Samuel (11 November 2015). "Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  9. Street, Peter (7 November 2014). "The great silence begins". Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  10. "Reveille Shellhole". pp. 1–4. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  11. "ANZAC Day history". Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  12. Cecil, Hugh (1998). At the Eleventh Hour. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0850526448.
  13. Osborne, Samuel (11 November 2015). "Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  14. "History of Veterans Day". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  15. Fanning, Rory (11 November 2014). "Why doesn't the US observe Armistice Day? We're more comfortable with war than peace". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  16. Dziennik Ustaw 1937 No. 33 position 255, 1989 No. 6 position 34
  17. "Armistice de 1918". Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  18. "Public holidays global: Armistice Day". Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  19. "Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday". 9 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  20. "Where World War One finally ended". 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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