Aroid languages

The Aroid or Ari-Banna (formerly South Omotic or Somotic) languages possibly belong to the Afro-Asiatic family and are spoken in Ethiopia.

Aroid
Ari-Banna, South Omotic
Geographic
distribution
Ethiopia
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Subdivisions
Glottologsout2845

Languages

There are five Aroid languages:

External classification

The classification of South Omotic (also called Aroid) is highly disputed and it may be a separate language family. Karo is sometimes considered as a dialect of Hamer, but considered as a separate language by Glottolog which groups both in a Hamer-Karo subfamily.

Zaborski (1986)[1] and Lamberti (1993)[2] consider South Omotic to be a separate branch of Cushitic, renaming it as West Cushitic.

Bender (2000, 2003)[3][4] notes that South Omotic is in fact quite divergent from other Afroasiatic languages, and suggests that it may in fact have connections with Nilo-Saharan, such as Surmic and Nilotic.

Citing lexical similarities with Surmic and other non-Nilotic Nilo-Saharan languages, Yigezu (2013)[5] argues that Aroid (AKA South Omotic) has a "Nilo-Saharan origin" and had become strongly influenced by other "Omotic" language groups. The Proto-Aroid vowel system is also more similar to those of the Surmic and Nilotic languages (Yigezu 2006, 2013).[5]

Glottolog 4.0 does not recognize that South Omotic belongs to one of the disputed families, and the candidate group of Omotic languages (grouping both North and South Omotic languages) remains disputed. For this reason it is considered for now as a separate family.

Reconstruction

Proto-Aroid
Reconstruction ofAroid languages

Below is a reconstruction of Proto-Aroid by Yigezu (2013).[6]

GlossProto-Aroid
animal*dabɪ-
arrow*bʌnkʌr
blow*pug-
boat (canoe)*gongul
buffalo*meek-
burn*ʔats-
bury*duuk-
calabash*gusi
call (v)*ɛl-
cattle*waak-
charcoal*tʃ’ilʃ-
chicken*baatʃa ~ *koyz
chicken*baatʃ-
chief*biti
claw*guʃ-
climb*wut-
cloth*apala
cotton*putta
count*payd-
crocodile*gurgur
divide (v)*kʌʃ-
donkey*ukul-
drink (v)*wutʃ’-
dry season*bona
egg*muk’-; *mol-
father*baab
fire*no̤ha ~ *nuu
hand/arm*ʔan
hat*koɓ-
head*mat-
hoe*gaita
hold*yʌd
I*ʔinta
liver*tʊ/ur-
make*ʔaʃk-
mother*ʔind-
mouth*ʔap-
navel*gulɗ-
nine*sakal
open*bul-
people*eedna
person*eed
pierce*tors-
plant*kor-
rainy season*bʌrgi
road*gɔgi
salt*sok’o
sand*ʃaam-
seed*ɓenta
sew*dʒaag-
shoot*kʌs’-
show*ɗaw-
six*la̤h
smoke (n)*tʃ’ub-
snake*gun-
sow*dʊk’-
spit*tʌs’-; *pas’-
split*p’al-
tail*go/ul-
ten*tʌmm-; *tʌɓ-
tobacco*dampo
untie*bul-
urinate*ʃaan-
urine*ʃaan
1sg*ʔinta
2sg*ya-
3sg (masculine)*no̤h/nuu
3sg (feminine)*naa
3sg (neuter)*yi
1pl*wot-
2pl*yʌt-
3pl*kɛt-

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[7]

Language12345678910
Aariwólːáqqastːénmakːénʔoydːídónqːláːtabzáqastːaː́ntámːers (lit: two less than ten)wolqáːntámːers (lit:one less than ten)támːá
Hamer-Banna (1)kálalamámakkánoidídunɡ̥laxtoɓɓálankáisaltáɓi
Hamer-Banna (2)kʌlʌlɛmaːmakanʔoʷidi / ʔuʷididuŋlʌxtʌɓa / toɓalʌŋkaⁱsəltəɓi
Dimeˈwɔkʰʌl / wókkilˈkʼʌtʼɨm / kʼəstinˈmʌkʰɨm / mə́kkimʔʊdːʊ / ʔúddúˈʃənːə / ʃinníˈlahə ~ ˈlah / láxiˈtʰʊsːʊm / tússumˈkʼʌʃnaʃ / kʼaʃnáʃiʃˈwʌklaʃ / wókláʃiʃˈtʰamːe / təmme
Karo (Kara Apo)kalalamamakkamojididɔŋlatsoɓalɔɔŋkajisaltaɓi

See also

References

  1. Zaborski, Andrzej. 1986. Can Omotic be reclassified as West Cushitic? In Gideon Goldenberg, ed., Ethiopian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference pp. 525–530. Rotterdam: Balkema.
  2. Lamberti, Marcello. 1993. "The Ari-Banna group and its classification." Studi Italiani di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata 22: 39-87.
  3. Bender, Lionel M. 2000. Comparative Morphology of the Omotic Languages. (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics, 19.) München: Lincom Europa.
  4. Bender, M. Lionel. 2003. The Omotic Lexicon. In Bender, M. Lionel and Takács, Gábor and Appleyard, David L. (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, 93-106. München: München: Lincom.
  5. Yigezu, Moges. 2013. Is Aroid Nilo-Saharan or Afro-Asiatic? Some evidences from phonological, lexical and morphological reconstructions. Paper presented at the Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, May 22–24, 2013, Cologne, Germany.
  6. Yigezu, Moges. 2013. Is Aroid Nilo-Saharan or Afro-Asiatic? some evidences from phonological, lexical and morphological reconstuructions. Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, May 22–24, 2013, Cologne, Germany.
  7. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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