Artificial marbling

Artificial marbling is the injection of animal fat and/or vegetable oil into lean meat in order to simulate the appearance of marbling and attempt to improve the palatability of inexpensive cuts by preventing them from drying out or losing flavour during the freezing or cooking process. Lean cuts of beef are one common target of artificial marbling.[1] The process may also be performed on pork. It has been described as a more technologically advanced form of larding.[2]

This article is about techniques for injecting meat with fat or oil. For drug-induced marbling, see diethylstilbestrol. For the painting technique, see marbleizing.

Names and labelling

The Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore labels artificially marbled beef as "beef tallow-injected further processed beef".[3] Hokubee Australia markets its fat-injected beef product under the brand name Meltique, though its halal products use canola oil instead of fat, due to concerns about cross-contamination with pork tallow.[4][5]

The United States Department of Agriculture requires that when fats and oils are added to red meat products such as roast beef and steaks, the product indicate this prominently, for example as part of the product name or as a product name qualifier. Additionally, products that appear to be of a higher quality as a result of fat injections must include a statement to indicate this, such as "injected with beef fat", "artificially marbled—simulated fat covered", or "product may appear to be of a higher quality than the actual grade“.[6]

Some unscrupulous purveyors have taken advantage of the improved appearance in an attempt to pass it off as the higher-quality naturally marbled meat, especially in environments such as restaurants, where the meat's packaging and labelling are not visible to customers.[1]

Manufacturing process

A variety of injectants may be used to create artificial marbling. The injectant may be pure fat (such as tallow) heated to a high temperature to melt it while sufficiently cool so as not to cook the meat when injected, fat suspended in an emulsifier, fat blended with vegetable oils, or fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in powder form.

Research into artificial marbling through fat injection was carried out as early as the 1960s.[7] A 1999 Polish study found that fat-injected horse meat tended to retain more flavour than non-injected control samples after two-week and three-month periods of cold storage.[8] Another 2007 U.S. study by Tyson Foods and the University of Arkansas used beef strip loin and injected it with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in powder form, or oil with high concentration of CLAs. Under visual assessment by independent panelists, the USDA marbling score of the powder-treated meat increased by two levels. The powder-treated meat tended to be juicier than the oil-treated meat after cooking, but otherwise the injected meat had similar colour and flavour to the untreated meat.[9] A 2017 study from West Texas A&M University found that the injection of beef loins with pork back fat resulted in higher consumer preference scores for juiciness and overall preference. Cooked steaks injected with pork fat had a lower moisture content but higher fat content, and trained panelists could detect an "off aroma." [10]

See also

References
  1. "Mislabeling scandal doesn't take away tastiness of processed beef". The Asahi Shimbun. 2013-12-26. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  2. "牛脂注入肉って何？　似た技法フランス料理にも" [What's fat-injected meat? Resembles techniques used in French cooking]. Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
  3. "Establishment approved to export frozen processed beef to Singapore" (PDF). Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority. 2012-12-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  4. "Hokubee Australia". Greater Port Macquarie Focus. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  5. Condon, Jon (2011-11-03). "Delivering eating consistency in a price-sensitive market segment". Beef Central. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  6. Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. 2005. pp. 11, 56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-05. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
  7. Normyle, William J. (1 December 1961). "Meat for the Outdoor Barbecue May Come With Built-In Sauce". The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
  8. Kondratowicz, J.; Bak, T.; Meller, Z. (1999). "Effect of enrichment and different methods of freezing on the weight losses and taste qualities of horsemeat during cold storage". Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 8 (2): 185–193. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
  9. Baublits, RT; Pohlman, FW; Brown, AH, Jr; Johnson, ZB; Proctor, A; Sawyer, J; Dias-Morse, P; Galloway, DL (January 2007). "Injection of conjugated linoleic acid into beef strip loins" (PDF). Meat Sci. 75 (1): 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.07.006. PMID 22063415. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
  10. Reed, Demetris D.; Walter, Lee-Anne J.; Schmitz, Angela N.; Guadián-García, Daniel E.; Lawrence, Ty E. (2017-01-01). "Post-mortem mechanical injection of low quality beef loins with pork back fat improves palatability and sensory attributes". Meat Science. 123: 205–210. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.10.002. ISSN 0309-1740. PMID 27756018.
  • US 3215534 Process for enhancing the palatability of meats, granted 2 November 1965
  • US 5053257 Method for tenderizing and upgrading the sensory qualities of red meat, granted 1 October 1991
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