Assisted evolution

Assisted evolution has been practiced for thousands of years for commercial and business purposes. Selective breeding of Asian wolves over 30,000 years ago by hunter-gatherers have allowed for the creation of modern breeds such as the German Shepherd, which are used often for disability assistance, search-and-rescue, and police and military roles.[4][5] Plant breeding has also benefitted from Rapid Generation Advance (RGA) and single-seed descent to speed up the process of natural selection. Assisted evolution in plants have allowed for increased food production and reduced pesticide use, yielding a decrease in global poverty and malnutrition. Most recently, assisted evolution is being used to breed animals with a higher muscle or fat content, as well as have a higher resistance to harmful bacteria and other pathogens.[6][7]

Assisted evolution for non-commercial purposes was famously used by Gregor Mendel, who discovered the presence of genes and alleles, as well as their impact on an offspring's genotype.[8] Assisted evolution has come into the public eye for noncommercial purposes such as conservation in recent years. Assisted evolution for noncommercial purposes is most notably practiced in the attempt to save coral reefs from rising ocean temperatures.[9] Assisted evolution is believed to be a temporary solution to save many threatened species from global warming and other climate change related environmental changes.[10]

Stress conditioning consists of exposing organisms to sublethal stress, with the goal of inducing physiological changes that increase tolerance to future stress events. There has been documented evidence that some changes can be passed throughout generations in both plants and animals. Stress conditioning can be artificially induced in a laboratory environment to create desired responses based on their environments. Notable examples include a 1989 experiment which used stress conditioning via heat shock on rat kidneys to extend their safe cold storage time to 48 hours.[11] More recently, stress conditioning is being studied as a potential solution for the preservation of coral reefs as they are continually exposed to ocean warming and acidification.

Assisted gene flow (AGF) works to increase the presence of desired naturally-occurring genes in offspring. AGF relies on pre-existing genes within the species’ genome, rather than the artificial creation and insertion of genetic code within the genome of the species. Assisted gene flow can also introduce related species’ genomes into the gene pool to allow for the introduction of previously impossible behaviors into the new species. Assisted gene flow identifies genes that produce desired behaviors, and works to increase the chance that parental transmission of the gene in question occurs (also known as heritability). Determining which genes within the genome produce desired behaviors consist of experiments which measure the growth, survival, and behavior exhibition of offspring with varying genotypes. Assisted gene flow is being utilized as a solution to preserve species who are threatened by climate change. Currently, different colonies of the Great Barrier Reef are being interbred to test whether offspring display increased resistance to warmer living conditions. Increased resistance to warmer living conditions allow for the preservation of the Great Barrier Reef even as water temperatures continue to rise.

Hybridization refers to the process where an egg and sperm from two different species can fertilize and produce young. Hybridization was studied in the 1800s by Johann Gregor Mendel, who posthumously has been credited with the discovery of genes and alleles and their impact on an offspring's genotype. Benefits of hybridization include the increase in genetic diversity and the potential for genetic combinations which are able to adapt to, and reproduce in, increasingly difficult environments. Hybridization of coral reefs during the annual coral spawning is being experimented with to create hybrid offspring that will hopefully have higher survival and growth rates in a variety of climate change related conditions.