Atractus
Atractus is a genus of colubrid ground snakes in the subfamily Dipsadinae. The genus includes more than 140 distinct species.[2]
| Atractus | |
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Subfamily: | Dipsadinae |
| Genus: | Atractus Wagler, 1828 |
| Synonyms | |
|
Adelphicos, Brachyorrhos, Calamaria, Isoscelis, Rabdosoma, Rhegnops[1] | |
Geographic range
Snakes of the genus Atractus are endemic to Central and South America.[1]
Description
In the genus Atractus the maxilla is short, with 8–12 teeth; the maxillary and mandibular teeth decrease in size posteriorly. The head is not distinct from the neck. The eye is small, with a round or subelliptic pupil. The nostril is between two nasal scales. The preocular is usually absent, and the loreal and prefrontal scales enter the orbit. The body is cylindrical. The dorsal scales are smooth, without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows. The ventral scales are rounded. The tail can be either short or rather long. The subcaudals are paired.[1]
Species
The following species are recognized as being valid.[3]
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Atractus.
- Atractus aboiporu Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Costa-Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
- Atractus acheronius Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009
- Atractus albuquerquei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983 – Albuquerque ground snake[4]
- Atractus alphonsehogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
- Atractus altagratiae Passos & Fernandes, 2008
- Atractus alytogrammus G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014
- Atractus andinus Prado, 1944
- Atractus apophis Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
- Atractus atlas Passos, Scanferla, Melo-Sampaio, Brito & Almendariz, 2018
- Atractus atratus Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
- Atractus attenuates Myers & Schargel, 2006
- Atractus avernus Passos et al., 2009
- Atractus ayeush Esqueda, 2011
- Atractus badius (F. Boie, 1827)
- Atractus biseriatus Prado, 1941 – two-lined ground snake[5]
- Atractus bocki F. Werner, 1909
- Atractus bocourti Boulenger, 1894 – Bocourt's ground snake[6][7]
- Atractus boimirim Passos, Prudente, & Lynch, 2016
- Atractus boulengerii Peracca, 1896
- Atractus caete Passos et al., 2010
- Atractus careolepis G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014
- Atractus carrioni Parker, 1930
- Atractus caxiuana da Costa Prudente & Santos-Costa, 2006
- Atractus cerberus Arteaga et al., 2017 – brown-and-yellow ground snake[8]
- Atractus charitoae Silva Haad, 2004
- Atractus chthonius Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
- Atractus clarki Dunn & Bailey, 1939
- Atractus collaris Peracca, 1896
- Atractus crassicaudatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – thickhead ground snake
- Atractus dapsilis Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Costa-Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
- Atractus dariensis Myers, 2003
- Atractus depressiocellus Myers, 2003
- Atracus duboisi (Boulenger, 1880)
- Atractus duidensis Roze, 1961 – Venezuela ground snake
- Atractus dunni Savage, 1955
- Atractus echidna Passos et al., 2009
- Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, 1955
- Atractus edioi da Silva et al., 2005
- Atractus elaps (Günther, 1858)
- Atractus emigdioi Gonzalez-Sponga, 1971
- Atractus emmeli (Boettger, 1888)
- Atractus eriki Esqueda, La Marca & Bazó, 2007
- Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, 1903
- Atractus esepe Arteaga et al., 2017 – indistinct ground snake[8]
- Atractus favae (de Filippi, 1840)
- Atractus flammigerus (F. Boie, 1827)
- Atractus franciscopaivai Silva Haad, 2004
- Atractus francoi Passos et al., 2010
- Atractus fuliginosus (Hallowell, 1845)
- Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955
- Atractus gigas Myers & Schargel, 2006
- Atractus guentheri (Wucherer, 1861)
- Atractus heliobelluomini Silva Haad, 2004
- Atractus heyeri Esqueda & McDiarmid, 2015
- Atractus hoogmoedi Prudente & Passos, 2010
- Atractus hostilitractus Myers, 2003
- Atractus imperfectus Myers, 2003
- Atractus indistinctus Prado, 1940
- Atractus insipidus Roze, 1961
- Atractus iridescens Peracca, 1896
- Atractus lancinii Roze, 1961
- Atractus lasallei Amaral, 1931
- Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868)
- Atractus lehmanni Boettger, 1898
- Atractus loveridgei Amaral, 1930
- Atractus macondo Passos, J.D. Lynch & Fernandes, 2009
- Atractus maculatus (Günther, 1858)
- Atractus major Boulenger, 1894 – brown ground snake
- Atractus manizalesensis Prado, 1940
- Atractus mariselae Lancini, 1969
- Atractus marthae Meneses-Pelayo & Passos, 2019
- Atractus matthewi Markezich & Barrio-Amorós, 2004
- Atractus medusa Passos et al., 2009
- Atractus melanogaster F. Werner, 1916
- Atractus melas Boulenger, 1908
- Atractus meridensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
- Atractus micheleae Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
- Atractus microrhynchus (Cope, 1868)
- Atractus mijaresi Esqueda & La Marca
- Atractus modestus Boulenger, 1894 – modest ground snake
- Atractus multicinctus (Jan, 1865)
- Atractus multidentatus Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009
- Atractus nasutus Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
- Atractus natans Hoogmoed & Prudente, 2003
- Atractus nicefori Amaral, 1930 – northern ground snake
- Atractus nigricaudus Schmidt & Walker, 1943
- Atractus nigriventris Amaral, 1933
- Atractus obesus Marx, 1960
- Atractus obtusirostris F. Werner, 1916 – bignose ground snake
- Atractus occidentalis Savage, 1955
- Atractus occipitoalbus (Jan, 1862)
- Atractus ochrosetrus Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
- Atractus oculotemporalis Amaral, 1932
- Atractus orcesi Savage, 1955
- Atractus paisa Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
- Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, 1937
- Atractus pantostictus Fernandes & Puorto, 1993
- Atractus paraguayensis F. Werner, 1924
- Atractus paucidens Despax, 1910
- Atractus pauciscutatus Schmidt & Walker, 1943 – little-scaled ground snake
- Atractus peruvianus (Jan, 1862)
- Atractus poeppigi (Jan, 1862) – basin ground snake
- Atractus potschi Fernandes, 1995
- Atractus punctiventris Amaral, 1933
- Atractus pyroni Arteaga et al., 2017 – Pyron's ground snake[8]
- Atractus resplendens F. Werner, 1901
- Atractus reticulatus (Boulenger, 1885)
- Atractus riveroi Roze, 1961 – Rivero's ground snake[7]
- Atractus ronnie Passos, Fernandes & Borges-Nojosa, 2007
- Atractus roulei Despax, 1910 – Roule's ground snake[7]
- Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, 1946
- Atractus sanguineus Prado, 1944
- Atractus savagei Salazar-Valenzuela, Torres-Carvajal, & Passos, 2014
- Atractus schach (F. Boie, 1827)
- Atractus serranus Amaral, 1930
- Atractus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
- Atractus spinalis Passos et al., 2013
- Atractus steyermarki Roze, 1958
- Atractus stygius Passos, Azevedo, Nogueira, Fernandes, and Sawaya, 2019
- Atractus surucucu Prudente, 2008
- Atractus tamaensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
- Atractus tamessari Kok, 2006
- Atractus taphorni Schargel & García-Pérez, 2002
- Atractus tartarus Passos, Prudente, & Lynch, 2016
- Atractus thalesdelemai Passos, Fernandes & Zanella, 2005
- Atractus titanicus Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
- Atractus torquatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854)
- Atractus touzeti Schargel et al., 2013
- Atractus trefauti Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Costa-Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
- Atractus trihedrurus Amaral, 1926
- Atractus trilineatus Wagler, 1828 – three-lined ground snake
- Atractus trivittatus Amaral, 1933
- Atractus turikensis Barros, 2000
- Atractus typhon Passos et al., 2009
- Atractus variegatus Prado, 1942
- Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1905
- Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, 1904
- Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, 1941
- Atractus vittatus Boulenger, 1894
- Atractus wagleri Prado, 1945
- Atractus werneri Peracca, 1914
- Atractus zebrinus (Jan, 1862)
- Atractus zidoki Gasc & Rodriques, 1979
References
- Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (Genus Atractus, p. 300).
- Köhler G, Kieckbusch M (2014). "Two new species of Atractus from Colombia (Reptilia, Squamata, Dipsadidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3872 (3): 291–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3872.3.5. PMID 25544086.
- Genus Atractus at The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- Costa GC (2010). "Atractus albuquerquei ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T176349A7223432. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176349A7223432.en.
- Castro F (2009). "Atractus biseriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-24.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lehr E, Aguilar C (2009). "Atractus bocourti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-24.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Atractus bocourti, p. 29; A. riveroi, p. 222; A. roulei, p. 227).
- Arteaga A, Mebert K, Valencia JH, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Peñafiel N, Reyes-Puig C, Vieira-Fernandes JL, Guayasamin JM (2017). "Molecular Phylogeny of Atractus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species and the description of three new taxa". Zookeys 661: 91-123. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=11224
Further reading
- Freiberg M (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (Genus Atractus, pp. 89–92).
- Passos P, Fernandes R, Bérnils RS, Moura-Leite JC de (2010). "Taxonomic revision of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Dipdadidae)". Zootaxa 2364: 1-63.
- Wagler [JG] (1828). "Auszüge aus seinem [sic] Systema Amphibiorum". Isis von Oken 21: 740-744. (Atractus, new genus, pp. 741–742). (in German and Latin).
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