Azarmidokht

"Azarmidokht" is the New Persian variant of her name used by scholars; her original name was Middle Persian, Āzarmīgdukht, meaning "daughter of the respected one", referring to her father Khosrow II (r. 590–628).[1]

Coin of Khosrow II.

Azarmidokht was the daughter of the last prominent shah of Iran, Khosrow II, who was overthrown and executed in 628 by his own son Kavad II, who proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir Mardanshah.[2][3] This dealt a heavy blow to the empire, which it would never recover from. Azarmidokht and her sister Boran reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad II for his barbaric actions, which caused him to become remorseful.[4]

The fall of Khosrow II culminated in a civil war lasting four years, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian (Parsig) and Parthian (Pahlav) noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation.[5] A few months later, a devastating plague swept through the western Sasanian provinces, killing half of its population including Kavad II.[5] He was succeeded by his eight-year-old son Ardashir III, who was killed two years later by the distinguished Iranian general Shahrbaraz, who was in turn murdered forty days later in a coup by leader of the Pahlav, Farrukh Hormizd, who helped Boran ascend the throne.[6] She was, however, the following year deposed and replaced with her cousin Shapur-i Shahrvaraz (who was also Shahrbaraz's son).[7] His rule proved even more brief than that of his predecessor−being deposed after less than a year by the Parsig faction led by Piruz Khosrow, who helped Azarmidokht ascend the throne.[7]

Coin of Farrukh Hormizd.

When Azarmidokht was made queen of Iran, she stated that the management of the country would be the same of her father, Khosrow II.[8] Farrukh Hormizd, in order to strengthen his authority and create a modus vivendi between the Pahlav and Parsig, asked Azarmidokht (who was a Parsig nominee) to marry him.[9] Azarmidokht, however, declined.[10] After having his proposal declined, Farrukh Hormizd "no longer shied away from the throne itself", declaring "Today I am the leader of the people and the pillar of the country of Iran."[10] He started minting coins in the same fashion as a monarch, notably in Istakhr in Pars and Nahavand in Media.[10] In order to deal with Farrukh Hormizd, Azarmidokht supposedly allied herself with Mihranid dynast Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobin, the famous military commander (spahbed) and briefly shah of Iran.[11] With Siyavakhsh's aid, Azarmidokht had Farrukh Hormizd killed.[12]

Farrukh Hormizd's son Rostam Farrokhzad, who was at that time stationed in the northeastern region of Khorasan, succeeded him as the leader of the Pahlav. In order to avenge his father, he led troops to Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire, "defeating every army of Azarmidokht that he met".[13] He then defeated Siyavakhsh's forces at Ctesiphon and captured the city.[13] Azarmidokht was shortly afterwards blinded and killed by Rostam, who restored Boran to the throne.[13][1] After this incident the center of power for the empire possibly drifted to the northeast, which was the homeland of the Pahlav, and was the area where Yazdegerd III, the last Sasanian king of kings, ultimately fled to seek aid against the Arab invasion of Iran.[14]

During her brief reign, Azarmidokht had coins minted with the image of her father on the obverse, with the inscription khwarrah abzūd ("Increase in Glory") and the winged crown representing Verethragna, the name of the god of victory.[15] On the reverse there is the regular late Sasanian fire-altar with two custodians.[15] Her reason for putting her father was not so due to her gender, as it was not so significant compared to the rulers relation to the royal Sasanian family, and most essentially to Khosrow II, who was considered the last proper and legitimate king of kings of Iran.[15] Azarmidokht's reason for minting coins with the image of her father was thus to restore his image and that of the Sasanian house, an attempt which was first made by Azarmidokht's sister, Boran, who did not however use an image of their father, but instead resorted to pay tribute to him by referring to him in her inscriptions.[16] However, at the time when Azarmidokht ascended the throne, an inscription may have not been enough, thus resulting in the placement of Khosrow II's image on the obverse of the coins.[8]

Islamic sources describe Azarmidokht as an intelligent and very captivating woman.[1] According to the 10th-century historian Hamza al-Isfahani, the now lost book of Ketāb ṣowar molūk Banī Sāsān ("The Sasanian picture book") portrayed her as "seated, wearing a red embroidered gown and sky-blue studded trousers, grasping a battle-axe in her right hand and leaning on a sword held in her left hand."[1] The construction of a castle at Asadabad is attributed to her.[1] Her title was "the Just."[1]

• Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). The History of Al-Ṭabarī. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
• Daryaee, Touraj (2014b). The Last Ruling Woman of Iranshahr: Queen Azarmigduxt. International Journal of the Society of Iranian Archaeology.
• Gignoux, Ph. (1987). "Āzarmīgduxt". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2. p. 190.
• Howard-Johnston, James (2010). "Ḵosrow II". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
• Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912.
• Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
• Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.

• Brosius, Maria. "WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. London et al.
• Chaumont, Marie Louise (1989). "Bōrān". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. p. 366.
• Daryaee, Touraj (2014a). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
• Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "Shapur II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Schmitt, Rüdiger (2005a). "Personal Names, Iranian iv. Sasanian Period". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Schmitt, Rüdiger (2005b). "Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Sundermann, W. (1988). "Bānbišn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 7. London et al. pp. 678–679.