Backfitting algorithm

In statistics, the backfitting algorithm is a simple iterative procedure used to fit a generalized additive model. It was introduced in 1985 by Leo Breiman and Jerome Friedman along with generalized additive models. In most cases, the backfitting algorithm is equivalent to the GaussSeidel method algorithm for solving a certain linear system of equations.

Algorithm

Additive models are a class of non-parametric regression models of the form:

where each is a variable in our -dimensional predictor , and is our outcome variable. represents our inherent error, which is assumed to have mean zero. The represent unspecified smooth functions of a single . Given the flexibility in the , we typically do not have a unique solution: is left unidentifiable as one can add any constants to any of the and subtract this value from . It is common to rectify this by constraining

for all

leaving

necessarily.

The backfitting algorithm is then:

   Initialize ,
   Do until  converge:
       For each predictor j:
           (a)  (backfitting step)
           (b)  (mean centering of estimated function)

where is our smoothing operator. This is typically chosen to be a cubic spline smoother but can be any other appropriate fitting operation, such as:

In theory, step (b) in the algorithm is not needed as the function estimates are constrained to sum to zero. However, due to numerical issues this might become a problem in practice.[1]

Motivation

If we consider the problem of minimizing the expected squared error:

There exists a unique solution by the theory of projections given by:

for i = 1, 2, ..., p.

This gives the matrix interpretation:

where . In this context we can imagine a smoother matrix, , which approximates our and gives an estimate, , of

or in abbreviated form

An exact solution of this is infeasible to calculate for large np, so the iterative technique of backfitting is used. We take initial guesses and update each in turn to be the smoothed fit for the residuals of all the others:

Looking at the abbreviated form it is easy to see the backfitting algorithm as equivalent to the GaussSeidel method for linear smoothing operators S.

Explicit derivation for two dimensions

Following,[2] we can formulate the backfitting algorithm explicitly for the two dimensional case. We have:

If we denote as the estimate of in the ith updating step, the backfitting steps are

By induction we get

and

If we set then we get

Where we have solved for by directly plugging out from .

We have convergence if . In this case, letting :

We can check this is a solution to the problem, i.e. that and converge to and correspondingly, by plugging these expressions into the original equations.

Issues

The choice of when to stop the algorithm is arbitrary and it is hard to know a priori how long reaching a specific convergence threshold will take. Also, the final model depends on the order in which the predictor variables are fit.

As well, the solution found by the backfitting procedure is non-unique. If is a vector such that from above, then if is a solution then so is is also a solution for any . A modification of the backfitting algorithm involving projections onto the eigenspace of S can remedy this problem.

Modified algorithm

We can modify the backfitting algorithm to make it easier to provide a unique solution. Let be the space spanned by all the eigenvectors of Si that correspond to eigenvalue 1. Then any b satisfying has and Now if we take to be a matrix that projects orthogonally onto , we get the following modified backfitting algorithm:

   Initialize ,, 
   Do until  converge:
       Regress  onto the space , setting 
       For each predictor j:
           Apply backfitting update to  using the smoothing operator , yielding new estimates for 

References

  1. Hastie, Trevor, Robert Tibshirani and Jerome Friedman (2001). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer, ISBN 0-387-95284-5.
  2. Härdle, Wolfgang; et al. (June 9, 2004). "Backfitting". Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
  • Breiman, L. & Friedman, J. H. (1985). "Estimating optimal transformations for multiple regression and correlations (with discussion)". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 80 (391): 580–619. doi:10.2307/2288473. JSTOR 2288473.
  • Hastie, T. J. & Tibshirani, R. J. (1990). "Generalized Additive Models". Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. 43.
  • Härdle, Wolfgang; et al. (June 9, 2004). "Backfitting". Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
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