Balipratipada

Bali Pratipadā, also called as Bali Padyami, Padva, Virapratipada or Dyutapratipada, is the fourth day of Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights.[2][3] It is celebrated in honour of the notional return of the daitya-king Bali to earth. Bali Padyami falls in the Gregorian calendar months October–November. It is the first day of the Hindu month Kartika and is the start of the bright lunar fortnight.[4][5][6] In many parts of India such as Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, it is the traditional New Year Day in Vikram Samvat and sometimes called the Bestu Baras or Varsha Pratipada.[7][8]

Bali Pratipada / Bali Padyami
Vamana (blue faced dwarf) in the court of King Bali (Mahabali, right seated) seeking alms
TypeHindu
CelebrationsBali Padyami or Bali Pratipada
ObservancesFestival of lights as celebration of return of Asura king Bali to earth for a day
2020 dateMonday, 16 November[1]
FrequencyAnnual
Related toDeepavali (Diwali)

The Balipratipada is an ancient festival. The earliest mention of Bali's story being acted out in dramas and poetry of ancient India is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali on Panini's Astadhyayi 3.1.26.[3] The festival has links to the Vedic era sura-asura Samudra Manthan that revealed goddess Lakshmi and where Mahabali was the king of the asuras.[9] The mythology and festivities find mention in the Mahabharata,[3] the Ramayana,[10] and several major Puranas, such as the Brahma purana, Kurma purana, Matsya purana and others.[3]

Balipratipada commemorates the annual return of Mahabali to earth and the victory of Vamana – one of many creative incarnations of Vishnu and the fifth incarnation in the Dashavatara list. It marks the victory of Vishnu over Mahabali and all asuras, through his metamorphosis into Trivikrama.[2] At the time of his defeat, Bali was already a Vishnu-devotee and a benevolent ruler over a peaceful, prosperous kingdom.[3] Vishnu's treacherous victory over Mahabali using "three steps" ended the war.[4][10] According to Hindu mythology, Mahabali asked for and was granted the boon by Vishnu, whereby he returns to earth once a year when he will be remembered and worshipped, and reincarnate in a future birth as Indra.[3][11][12]

Balipratipada or Padva is traditionally celebrated with decorating the floor with colorful images of Bali – sometimes with his wife Vindyavati,[8] of nature's abundance, a shared feast, community events and sports, drama or poetry sessions. In some regions, rice and food offerings are made to recently dead ancestors (shraddha), or the horns of cows and bulls are decorated, people gamble, or icons of Vishnu avataras are created and garlanded in addition.[3][12][8][13]

Nomenclature
Balipratipada is also called Padva, and community cultural events are a part of its celebrations in western states of India; above a musical concert.

Balipratipada (Sanskrit: बालि प्रतिपदा, Marathi: बळी-प्रतिपदा or Pāḍvā पाडवा, Kannada: ಬಲಿ ಪಾಡ್ಯಮಿ or Bali Pāḍyami) is a compound word consisting of "Bali" (a mythical daitya king, also known as Mahabali)[14] and "pratipada" (also called padva, means occasion, commence, first day of a lunar fortnight).[15] It is also called the Akashadipa (lights of the sky).

Texts

The Balipratipada and Bali-related mythology is ancient. The earliest mention of Bali's story is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali on Panini's Astadhyayi 3.1.26. It states that "Balim bandhayati" refers to a person reciting the Bali legend or acting it out on a stage. This, states P.V. Kane – a Sanskrit literature scholar, attests that the "imprisonment of Bali" legend was well known by the 2nd-century BCE in forms of drama and poetry in ancient India.[3] According to Tracy Pintchman – an Indologist, the festival has links to the Samudra Manthan legend found in Vedic texts. These describe a cosmic struggle between suras and asuras, with Mahabali as the king of the asuras. It is this legendary churning of cosmic ocean that created Lakshmi – the goddess worshipped on Diwali. The remembrance and festivities associated with Lakshmi and Mahabali during Diwali are linked.[9]

The mythology and festivities related to Bali and Balipratipada find mention in the Vanaparva 28.2 of the Mahabharata,[3] the Ramayana,[10] and several major Puranas, such as the Brahma purana (chapter 73), Kurma purana (chapter 1), Matsya purana (chapters 245 and 246), and others.[3][16]

The Hindu text Dharmasindhu in its discussions of Diwali states that day after the Diwali night, Balipratipada is one of three most auspicious dates in the year.[3] It recommends an oil bath and a worship of Bali. His icon along with his wife's should be drawn on the floor with five colored powder and flowers.[3] Fruits and food should be offered to Bali, according to Bhavisyottra, and drama or other community spectacles should be organized.[3] The Hindu texts suggest that the devout should light lamps, wear new clothes, tie auspicious threads or wear garland, thank their tools of art, decorate and pray before the cows and bulls, organize delightful community sports (kaumudi-mahotsava) in temple or palace grounds such as pulling tug-of-war ropes.[3]

Legend
Left: 6th-century Trivikrama-Vamana-Bali (Karnataka, Badami Cave 3, Vamana image damaged); Mid: 7th-century Trivikrama-Vamana-Bali (Badami Cave 2, Vamana with parasol) Right: 7th-century Trivikrama-Vamana-Bali (Chhattisgarh, Lakshmana temple Sirpur).

Mahabali was Prahlada's grandson. He came to power by defeating the gods (Devas), and taking over the three worlds. Bali, an Asura king was well known for his bravery, uprightness and dedication to god Vishnu. Bali had amassed vast territories and was invincible. He was benevolent and popular, but his close associates weren't like him. They were constantly attacking the suras (Devas) and plundering the gods who stood for righteousness and justice.[17][18]

According to Vaishnavism mythology, Indra and the defeated suras approached Vishnu for help in their battle with Mahabali.[19] Vishnu refused to join the gods in violence against Mahabali, because Mahabali was a good ruler and his own devotee. But, instead of promising to kill Bali, Vishnu promised to use a treacherous means to help the suras.[14][20]

Mahabali announced that he will perform Yajna (homa sacrifices) and grant anyone any gift they want during the Yajna. Vishnu took the avatar of a dwarf Brahmin called Vamana and approached Mahabali.[17][21] The king offered anything to the boy – gold, cows, elephants, villages, food, whatever he wished. The boy said that one must not seek more than one needs, and all he needs is the property right over a piece of land that measures "three paces". Mahabali agreed.[22][23] The Vamana grew to enormous proportions, metamorphosing into the Trivikrama form, and covered everything Mahabali ruled over in just two paces. For the third pace, Mahabali offered his own head to Vishnu who pushed him as the king of patala (nether world).[10][20]

Pleased with the dedication and integrity of Bali, Vishnu granted him a boon that he could return to earth for one day in a year to be with his people, be worshipped and be a future Indra.[3] It is this day that is celebrated as the Bali Padyami, the annual return of Bali from the netherworld to earth.[24]

Another version of the legend states that after Vamana pushed Bali below ground (patalaloka), at the request of Prahlada (described as a great devotee of Vishnu), the grandfather of Bali, Vishnu pardoned Bali and made him the king of the netherworld. Vishnu also granted the wish of Bali to return to earth for one day marked by festivities and his worship.

Festivities
Rangoli with lights in Hyderabad, Telangana

The rituals observed on the Bali Padyami day have variations from state to state. In general, on this festival day, Hindus exchange gifts, as it is considered a way to please Bali and the gods. After the ceremonial Oil Bath, people wear new clothes. The main hall of the house or the space before the door or gate is decorated with a Rangoli or Kolam drawn with powder of rice in different colours, thereafter Bali and his wife Vindhyavali are worshipped. Some build Bali icons out of clay or cow dung. In the evening, as night falls, door sills of every house and temple are lighted with lamps arranged in rows. Community sports and feasts are a part of the celebrations.[3][21]

Some people gamble with a game called pachikalu (dice game), which is linked to a legend. It is believed that god Shiva and his consort Parvati played this game on this festival day when Parvati won. Following this, their son Kartikeya played with Parvati and defeated her. Thereafter, his brother, the elephant-headed god of wisdom Ganesha played with him and won the dice game. But now this gambling game is played only by family members, symbolically, with cards.

The Bali-Vamana-Trivikrama legend relief in a Nepalese Hindu temple.

The farming community celebrates this festival, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, by performing Kedaragauri vratam (worship of goddess KedaraGauri – a form of Parvati), Gopuja (worship of cow), and Gouramma puja (worship of Gauri – another form of Parvati). Before worship of cows, on this day, the goushala (cowshed) is also ceremoniously cleaned. On this day, a triangular shaped image of Bali, made out of cow-dung is placed over a wooden plank designed with colourful Kolam decorations and bedecked with marigold flowers and worshipped.[6]

Onam is a major festival of Kerala based on the same mythology, but observed in August–September. In the contemporary era, it commemorates Mahabali. Celebrations include a vegetarian feast, gift giving, parades featuring Bali and Vishnu avataras, floor decorations and community sports.[25][22] According to A.M. Kurup, the history of Onam festival as evidenced by literature and inscriptions found in Kerala suggest "Onam was a temple-based community festival celebrated over a period".[26] The festivities of Onam are found in Maturaikkāñci – a Sangam era Tamil poem, which mentions the festival being celebrated in Madurai temples with games and duels in temple premises, oblations being sent to the temples, people wore new clothes and feasted.[26] The 9th-century Pathikas and Pallads by Periyazharwar, according to Kurup, describes Onam celebrations and offerings to Vishnu, mentions feasts and community events.[26] Several inscriptions from 11th and 12th-century in Hindu temples such as the Thrikkakara Temple (Kochi, dedicated to Vamana) and the Sreevallabha Temple (Tiruvalla, dedicated to Vishnu) attest to offerings dedicated to Vamana on Onam.[26] In contemporary Kerala, the festival is observed by both Hindus and non-Hindus,[27] with the exception of Muslims among whom isolated celebration is observed.[28]

See also

References
  1. BSE India, India Financial Market Holidays (2020)
  2. Manu Belur Bhagavan; Eleanor Zelliot; Anne Feldhaus (2008). 'Speaking Truth to Power': Religion, Caste, and the Subaltern Question in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–103. ISBN 978-0-19-569305-8.
  3. PV Kane (1958). History of Dharmasastra, Volume 5 Part 1. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 201–206.
  4. Ramakrishna, H. A.; H. L. Nage Gowda (1998). Essentials of Karnataka folklore: a compendium. Balipadyami. Karnataka Janapada Parishat. p. 258. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  5. Devi, Konduri Sarojini (1990). Religion in Vijayanagara Empire. Balipadyami. Sterling Publishers. p. 277. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  6. Hebbar, B. N. (2005). The Śrī-Kṛṣṇa Temple at Uḍupi: the historical and spiritual center of the ... Balipadyami. Bharatiya Granth Niketan. p. 237. ISBN 978-81-89211-04-2. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  7. Bestu Varas: For Gujratis celebrations continue the day after Diwali too, The Times of India (October 25 2011)
  8. K. Gnanambal (1969). Festivals of India. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 5–17.
  9. Tracy Pintchman (2005). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7914-6595-0.
  10. Narayan, R.K (1977). The Ramayana: a shortened modern prose version of the Indian epic. Mahabali story. Penguin Classics. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-14-018700-7.
  11. Yves Bonnefoy (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-226-06456-7.
  12. Joanna Gottfried Williams (1981). Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India. BRILL. p. 70. ISBN 90-04-06498-2.
  13. J. P. Vaswani (2017). Dasavatara. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 73–77. ISBN 978-93-86867-18-6.
  14. Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
  15. P. Prabhu (1885). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Government central Press. pp. 238–239.
  16. Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. pp. Appendix II (193–274). ISBN 978-0-7914-0799-8.
  17. Raghavendra, T.N. (2002). Vishnu Sahasranama. Om Vamanaya namah. SRG Publishers. pp. 233–235. ISBN 978-81-902827-2-7. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
  18. Roshen Dalal (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
  19. J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 900. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
  20. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  21. Arvind Sharma (1996). Hinduism for our times. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–56. ISBN 9780195637496.
  22. J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 659–670. ISBN 978-1-59884-206-7.
  23. Nanditha Kirshna (2009). Book of Vishnu. Penguin Books. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-81-8475-865-8.
  24. Singhal, Jwala Prasad (1963). The Sphinx speaks. balipadyami. Sadgyan Sadan. p. 92. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  25. Fuller, Christopher John (2001). The everyday state and society in modern India. Mahabali and Vamana. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 140–142. ISBN 978-1-85065-471-1. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  26. A.M. Kurup (1977). "The Sociology of Onam". Indian Anthropologist. 7 (2): 95–110. JSTOR 41919319.
  27. Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2001). Fuller, Christopher John; Bénéï, Véronique (eds.). The Everyday State and Society in Modern India. C. Hurst. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-1850654711.
  28. Osella, Caroline; Osella, Filippo (2008). "Food, Memory, Community: Kerala as both 'Indian Ocean' Zone and as Agricultural Homeland" (PDF). Journal of South Asian Studies. 31 (1): 170–198. doi:10.1080/00856400701877232., Quote: "Onam is of course not celebrated by Muslims; for it commemorates the victory of the Hindu demon king Mahabali who, in Hindu lore, founded Kerala. Contemporary Islamic reformist ulema even advise Muslims to refuse invitations from Hindu neighbours who may wish to call them to eat on Thiruvonam. From the outset, then, this Muslim family’s plan to make an Onam feast had the air of a daring and naughty secret."

Further reading
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