Battle of Baia

In 1359, Bogdan I of Moldavia rebelled against the King of Hungary and founded an independent Moldavia. However, the Hungarian attempts to seize control over Moldavia did not end there, and in 1429, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, and also King of Hungary, met with Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland to try to persuade him to launch a common attack on Moldavia and divide the country in two equal parts—Polish and Hungarian.[9] Sigismund argued that the Moldavian nation did not "owe allegiance to anyone, is accustomed to live by theft and brigandage and so is everyone's enemy." He also complained about not receiving any help for his struggle against the Turks.[9] In the Annals of Jan Długosz, the Polish chronicler wrote the following on Władysław's reply to Sigismund:

Wladislaw replies that it would not be right to wage war on the Moldavians, who confess the Christian faith and have given him and his kingdom obedience and submission; indeed, to do this would be an act of savagery. Though some may live by brigandage, they cannot all be tarred with the same brush, nor can they be blamed for not helping King Sigismund against the Turks, because they had gone with the Poles to the given rendez-vous on the Danube and got there on time, yet had to waste two months waiting there, and then return home. Rather does the blame for this attach to King Sigismund, who failed to turn up at the appointed time. The squabbling continues for several days, at the end of which Wladyslaw stubbornness compels Sigismund to abandon the plan and seek other ventures.[9]

After the death of Alexander I, the country was thrown into civil strife, in which the two claimants, Peter Aron III and Bogdan II, in order to gain the throne, pledged loyalty to either the Hungarian or the Polish king. The political turmoil lasted until 1457, when Stephen, son of Bogdan, having fled to Hungary and later Wallachia, with Wallachian help, gained the throne and ousted the boyars loyal to Aron. The latter fled to Poland, but was later forced to seek asylum in Hungary, after Moldavia and Poland concluded a new treaty. Stephen's objective was to regain the region of Budjak with the castles of Chilia and Cetatea Albă. The region had previously belonged to Wallachia, but had been incorporated into Moldavia in the late 14th century.[10] Due to the decline of Moldavia during the civil war, the region reverted to Wallachia, with Chilia being co-ruled by Hungary and Wallachia.

Map of the battle, showing the Moldavian attack

The Hungarians departed in the middle of October[7] and reached the realm of Moldavia at the beginning of November, using a passage near Bacău.[17] On 19 November,[17] the Hungarians arrived at the Trotuș River where they met some Moldavian resistance, but Corvinus, to ensure the "loyalty of his troops, avoids a pitched battle and limits his efforts to surprise attacks and ambushes, yet is himself prevented from foraging or doing further damage."[14]

The town was destroyed and the Hungarians headed for Bacău, which they also burned down; then they continued to Roman and stayed there between 29 November and 7 December. According to a chronicle, Stephen sent envoys to negotiate a peace treaty, but the two factions could not agree and the war continued.[6] Roman was put to flames and the Hungarians killed everyone they encountered, "without considering their sex, age, or looks."[7] After three days of marching and more pillaging, they reached Baia where Corvinus met with a Hungarian nobleman by the name of Sythotus, who revealed to him the Moldavian position, their numbers (12,000), and their plan to attack before dusk.[6] The Moldavians were encamped further north, between Moldova River and Șomuz creek. Corvinus ordered the city to be fortified with "ramparts, ditches and a ring of wagons",[14] as the men were told to be prepared for battle and guards were sent to guard strategic points.

A peculiar report mentions that Stephen himself was captured by the Hungarians on 14 December, but that he convinced them to release him.[19] On 15 December, when dusk was approaching, Stephen sent smaller detachments that set the town on fire from three different places: thereafter, noise and confusion set in.[6] Stephen ordered his men to dismount and soon after they launched their attack[7] and made battle until dawn. Descriptions of the battle say that the fire made the night equally light as the day and that many Hungarians were consumed by the flames.[6] The two armies started to butcher each other at the gate of the city; then the fighting continued onto the streets "with such a wrath, that nothing could be seen as more horrible than this."[6] The Moldavians got the upper hand of the battle and launched another attack against the royal guard, which consisted of 200 heavily armed knights, the aristocrats, and Corvinus. Many Moldavians were killed in the tumult that followed, as Báthory and the rest of the knights defended the entrance to the market.[6] Corvinus was wounded and, allegedly he had to be "carried from the battlefield on a stretcher, to avoid him falling into the hands of the enemy."[14] For Moldavians, it was a victory because they could retreat, leaving only 14 of their battleflags in the hands of the Hungarian army, and Stephen was able to write a letter to the Polish king, stating that he won the battle. The captured Moldavian battleflags were suspended in the Boldogasszony church of Buda, as sign of victory over the vassal, the Hungarian bishop of Pécs, Janus Pannonius, and pot dedicating three epigrammas to them.[20]

According to Długosz, Corvinus escaped the Moldavians due to the assistance of another Vlach (Romanian), whom Stephen found and had executed because of treachery.[7] The Moldavian-German Chronicles say that someone named Isaia failed to launch the cavalry attack which would have blocked the path for the Hungarian retreat; for this, he and others were later executed.[19] 4,000–10,000 Hungarians were said to have been killed; most of the barons survived, following their king.[7] Janus Pannonius mentions totally 11,000 casualties for the Moldavian, with 4,000 "cut down while retreating".[6]

Some of the Hungarian standards that were captured came with a "huge booty of tents, waggons and guns", which were sent to Casimir as proof of Stephen's victory.[14] Upon his return to Brassó on Christmas day, Corvinus took revenge on the people who had rebelled against him; thereafter he collected a war tax of 400,000 florins, which they had to pay immediately, in gold.[14] With this money he raised an army of foreign mercenaries, which would prove more loyal to him.[7] Corvinus rewarded in 1469 some Romanians from Maramureș who were on Corvinus's side, for their bravery when saving the life of the king: Coroi from Oncești (Maramureș), his son Ioan, and their brothers in arms: Mihai de Petrova, Mihai Nan de Slatina, Petru Leucă from Valea Lupului, Ioan Miclea from Șugatag, Petru de Berbești, Simion son of Pop de Uglea, Lupșa de Berbești, Steț de Biserica Albă and George Avram de Oncești[21]

In 1468, Stephen campaigned in Transylvania, found Aron and had him executed.[22] Stephen and Corvinus would later negotiate a peace treaty, with Stephen accepting Corvinus as his de jure liege lord. In 1475, Corvinus sent 6,800 soldiers that assisted Stephen in his victory at the Battle of Vaslui.

• Bánlaky József:A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme-Military History of Hungary Digitális kiadás: Arcanum Adatbázis Kft. 2001
• Antonio Bonfini: Rerum Hungaricum decades
• Cârciumaru, Radu. Vlad Țepeș și Ștefan cel Mare – prieteni sau duşmani? Magazin Istoric, January 2004.
• Długosz, Jan. The Annals of Jan Długosz ISBN 1-901019-00-4
• Florescu, R. Radu; McNally, T. Raymond. Dracula: Prince of many faces – His life and his times ISBN 978-0-316-28656-5
• Iorga, Nicolae. Istoria lui Ștefan cel Mare, 1904 (new edition 1966), Bucharest.
• Matthias Corvinus: Letter to the Polish king and the Polish Estates about his campaign into Moldova last winter. (Spring,1468-Latin)In: Mátyás király levelei. [Letters of Matthias Corvinus Volume 1. (1458–1479)] 1893–95, Budapest, MTA.(Document 147)210 p
• Joannes de Thwrocz: Chronica Hungarorum or archive.org
• Sfântul Voievod Ștefan cel Mare, Chronicles. (in Romanian)
  • Letter of Stephen to Casimir, January 1, 1468;
  • Bonfinius, Antonius. Historia Pannonica ab Origine Gentis AD Annum 1495
  • Descrierea Călătoriei lui Ercole Dalmatul în Transilvania si în Moldova
  • Długosz, Jan. Historiae Polonicae, Leipzig 1712
  • Isthuanffius (Istvánffy), Nicolaus. Regni Hungarici Historia
  • Maciej Stryjkowski; Bielski. Kronika Polska
  • Maciej Miechowski. Chronica Polonorum.
  • Wapowski, Bernard. Chronicorum […]Partem Posteriorem
  • Moldavian-German Chronicle, The
• Spinei, Victor. Moldavia in the 11th–14th Centuries, 1986 Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România
• Szokola, László: Mátyás király 1467. évi moldvai hadjárata-king Matthias Corvinus' campaign to Moldova