Battle of Falkirk

After the Battle of Stirling Bridge, from November 1297 until January 1298, Wallace led a Scottish army south. From Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Carlisle, the Scots raided the countryside, bringing back the spoils.[7]^:82

King Edward learned of the defeat of his northern army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.[8] After concluding a truce with the French king, Philip the Fair in October 1297,[9] he returned to England on 14 March 1298 to continue the ongoing organising of an army for his second invasion of Scotland which had been in preparation since late 1297.[10] As a preliminary step he moved the centre of government to York, where it was to remain for the next six years. A council-of-war was held in the city in April to finalise the details of the invasion. The Scottish magnates were all summoned to attend, and when none appeared they were all declared to be traitors. Edward then ordered his army to assemble at Roxburgh on 25 June. The force counted 2,000 armoured cavalry and about 12,000 infantry[11] receiving wages, though, after the manner of medieval armies there would have been many more serving without pay either as a statement of personal independence, forgiveness of debts to the crown, criminal pardons or just for adventure,[12] including 10,900 Welshmen.[13] Stuart Reid estimates Edward's force at 214 knights with 900 troopers, 1000 cavalry supplied by the Earls, 500 mercenary crossbowmen, 2000 archers with billmen from the Lancashire and Cheshire feudal levies, and 10,500 Welshmen, though the infantry may only have totalled 8,000.[14]

Edward left Roxburgh on 3 July and reached Kirkliston in two weeks, where he awaited supplies expected to arrive along the coastal ports, delayed due to weather. In the interim, Edward dealt with a Welsh mutiny. Finally, on 20 July, Edward advanced, reaching Linlithgow on 21 July. Edward was on the point of falling back on Edinburgh, when he received intelligence the Scots were at Torwood, near Falkirk, ready to harass his retreat. Edward reportedly said, "would not trouble them to seek me," and placed his army south of Falkirk on the morning of the 22nd. Edward wanted to make camp and feed his men while waiting for his infantry to catch up with his cavalry. His cavalry commanders though, favored an immediate attack.[15][14]

Reid calculates the Scots could have manned four schiltrons with about 1000 men each, in addition to the cavalry and archers. These men would have come from the sheriffdoms of Fife, Kinross, Midlothian, Haddington, Stirling, Linlithgow, Lanark, Merse and Teviotdale. With that, Wallace supposedly said, "I have browghte yowe to the ryng. hoppe yef ye canne!" Absent were forces under the Comyns and Robert Bruce.[14] Also absent was Andrew Moray, co-victor with Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, having been mortally wounded in that battle. It was Moray who used the schiltrons offensively.[16][17]

Memorial Stone & Esplanade Gardens, Rothesay. "In honour of the 'Men of Bute' who, under the command of Sir John Stewart, fell to a man at the Battle of Falkirk, 22nd July 1298.[18] Who fought for Wallace on Falkirk's field, John Stewart's men with sword and shield but o'er pow'rd thus! Their fate was sealed for freedom fell."

The First Battle of Falkirk Monument (2000)[19]

Scots Wha Hae

The Scots army, again made up chiefly of spearmen as at Stirling, was arranged in four[20] great armoured 'hedgehogs' known as schiltrons.[21] The long spears (pikes) pointed outwards at various heights gave these formations a formidable and impenetrable appearance. The gaps between the schiltrons were filled with archers,[20] with 500 knights in back.[14]

On Tuesday 22 July, the English cavalry, divided into four battalions, (also described as battles),[22] or brigades, advanced in echelon. The Earl of Lincoln's brigade led from the right but moved over to the left in avoiding a marshy area, followed by the Earl of Surrey's brigade. Anthony Bek's brigade, Bishop of Durham, followed by the Edward's brigade, moved around the marshy area to the right, toward the Scottish left flank. Lincoln and Bek charged aggressively and Lincoln quickly routed the Scottish cavalry.[14]

The Scots bowmen commanded by Sir John Stewart of Bonkill,[23] the younger brother of the High Steward of Scotland,[24] stood their ground and were quickly destroyed.[23] But the schiltrons held firm, with the knights making little impression on the dense forest of long spears, and 111 horses were killed in the vain attempts. Edward's cavalry fell back as his infantry and archers arrived.[14]

John de Graeme's Memorial

Sir John De Graeme tomb, Falkirk Old Parish Church

Edward's longbowmen were brought into place and quickly overcame the inexperienced force of badly armed Scottish archers. The schiltrons were an easy target; they had no defence and nowhere to hide.[23] The hail of arrows was supplemented by crossbow and slingshot.[23] Unable to retreat or attack, the battle was lost for the Scots almost as soon as the first arrows began to fall. The English cavalry waited, this time observing the King's command, until the Scots ranks were thin enough to allow them to penetrate the Scottish formation[25] and cause whatever damage they could.[25] The English footsoldiers, who had been advancing during the English barrage on the Scottish formations, closed the distance and the schiltrons finally started to break and scatter. [25]

Edward occupied Stirling and raided Perth, St. Andrews and Ayrshire. Yet, he retreated to Carlisle by 9 September. Edward invaded again in the summer of 1300.[14]

Casualties among the Scottish leaders were not particularly heavy, but did include Wallace's second-in-command, Sir John de Graham, as well as Sir John Stewart of Bonkill, and Macduff of Fife. [24][14]

In the words of Reid, "while unquestionably a good partisan leader, William Wallace's military abilities were simply not up to the job of organizing, training and leading a conventional military force." At Falkirk, Wallace "simply drew up his army in an open field and froze."[14]

In the words of Evan Macleod Barron, it was Moray who "possessed military genius and military training," while Wallace possessed qualities that "make a great guerilla leader." Barron goes on to say, "Falkirk should never have been fought at all...it hardly looks as if the brain which conceived the plan of battle at Falkirk was the same as that which conceived the plan at Stirling Bridge." Though Wallace resigned his leadership and guardianship, he still "represented the mass of the people." Hence Edward's determination to "capture at all costs the man who was in himself the embodiment of that popular hostility, and who was in addition, a warrior of skill and daring and a leader who had won the heart and the imagination of the people."[7][26][27]

The Falkirk Roll is a collection of the arms of the English bannerets and noblemen present at the battle of Falkirk. It is the oldest known English occasional roll of arms, and contains 111 names and blazoned shields.[28]

Following are a collection of modern illustrations of the Falkirk Roll based on the blazons published in Henry Gough's book, Scotland in 1298. Documents Relating to the Campaign of King Edward the First.[28]

• 
  Panel 1 – La Vaunt Garde
• 
  Panel 2 – La Batayle le Eveske de Dureme
• 
  Panel 3 – La Bataille le Roy
• 
  Panel 4 – La Quarte Bataille

South edge of Callendar Wood

The site of the battle is uncertain.[29] There have been three proposed sites: at Campfield,[30] around the modern Central Retail Park;[31] south of Callendar Woods, as depicted in the diagrams above;[32] and at Mumrills, the site of the Antonine Fort.[33][34]

Walter of Guisborough wrote the Scots were "on hard ground and on one side of a hillock, next to Falkirk." The Scalacronica states it was "on this side of Falkirk." Reid states the consensus of historians places the Scots below Callendar Wood with the Glen Burn in front, though Reid favors the burgh muir of Falkirk, "the plain which is called Falkirk.[14]

• Armstrong, Peter (2003), Stirling Bridge and Falkirk 1297–98 – William Wallace's rebellion (Campaign 117), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9781841765105
• Keen, Peter (2003), England in the Later Middle Ages, Routledge, ISBN 0415272939
• Prestwich, M., Edward I, 1997, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, ISBN 0-300-07157-4 (pbk.)

• Bain, J., The Edwards in Scotland, 1296–1377, 1961.
• Barrow, G. W. S. Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, 1976
• Brown, C., "William Wallace", 2004.
• Morris, J. E. The Welsh Wars of Edward I, 1994.
• Nicholson, R. Scotland-the Later Middle Ages, 1974.
• Oman, C., The Art of War in the Middle Ages, 1898.
• Santiuste, D., The Hammer of the Scots: Edward I and the Scottish Wars of Independence, 2015.
• Fordun, John "Chronica Gentis Scotorum (Chronicle of the Scottish nation)", 1363, Translated from the Latin text by Felix J. H. Skene. Ed. by William F. Skene. 1872:

CI - Battle of Falkirk. : In the year 1298, the aforesaid king of England, taking it ill that he and his should be put to so much loss and driven to such straits by William Wallace, gathered together a large army, and, having with him, in his company, some of the nobles of Scotland to help him, invaded Scotland. He was met by the aforesaid William, with the rest of the magnates of that kingdom ; and a desperate battle was fought near Falkirk, on the 22d of July. William was put to flight, not without serious loss both to the lords and to the common people of the Scottish nation. William, wishing to save himself and his, hastened to flee by another road. But alas ! through the pride and burning envy of both, the noble Estates (communitas) of Scotland lay wretchedly overthrown throughout hill and dale, mountain and plain. Among these, of the nobles, John Stewart, with his Brendans ; Macduff, of Fife ; and the inhabitants thereof, were utterly cut off. But it is commonly said that Robert of Bruce,—who was afterwards king of Scotland, but then fought on the side of the king of England—was the means of bringing about this victory. For, while the Scots stood invincible in their ranks, and could not be broken by either force or stratagem, this Robert of Bruce went with one line, under Anthony of Bek, by a long road round a hill, and attacked the Scots in the rear ; and thus these, who had stood invincible and impenetrable in front, were craftily overcome in the rear. And it is remarkable that we seldom, if ever, read of the Scots being overcome by the English, unless through the envy of lords, or the treachery and deceit of the natives, taking them over to the other side.

• Wallace and the Battle of Falkirk (1297)