Battle of Lyndanisse

Battle of Lindanise
	Part of Northern Crusades
	; Dannebrog falling from the sky during the Battle of Lindanise. Painting by C.A. Lorentzen, 1809.
Date	15 June 1219
Location	Lindanise (Tallinn), Estonia
Result	Crusader victory; Dannebrog adopted as the national flag of Denmark
Belligerents
Revala; Harjumaa	Denmark Principality of Rügen; Nordalbingia;
Commanders and leaders
unknown	Valdemar II; Anders Sunesen; Witslaw of Rügen; Albert of Saxony; Theoderich von Treyden †
Strength
1000–2000	"several thousand"
Casualties and losses
several hundred	unknown

The Battle of Lyndanisse (also spelled the Battle of Lindanise) was a battle during the Livonian Crusade, fought between the Kingdom of Denmark with various German allies and pagan Estonian tribes. The battle helped King Valdemar II of Denmark establish the territory of Danish Estonia during the Northern Crusades, which were undertaken in response to calls from the Pope. The Danes defeated the Estonians at Lindanise (Danish: Lyndanisse, today Tallinn).[1]

Today, the Battle of Lyndanisse is perhaps best known for a legend that the Danish flag, the Dannebrog, fell from the sky just as the Danes were about to lose the battle.

The battle itself

Valdemar II, along with Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund, Bishop Theoderich von Treyden, and his vassals Count Albert of Nordalbingia and Witslaw I of Rügen, sailed to the northern Estonian province of Revalia at the beginning of June 1219. The crusading army camped at Lindanise and built a castle there, named Castrum Danorum, which the Estonians called Taani-linn (later Tallinn), meaning Danish town. The Estonians sent several negotiators, but they were only playing for time as they assembled an army large enough to fight the Danes.

On 15 June 1219, the Estonians attacked the Danes near the castle, right after suppertime. They advanced from five different directions and completely surprised the crusaders, who fled in all directions. Bishop Theoderich von Treyden was killed by the Estonians, who thought he was the king. The Danes were saved by their Wendish vassals, as Witslaw led a quick counterattack which stopped the Estonian advance. This gave the crusaders time to regroup, and the Estonians were routed.

Association with the Dannebrog

Archbishop Anders Sunesen at the Battle of Lyndanisse.

Tradition has maintained that the Danish flag appeared at the Battle of Lyndanisse on 15 June 1219.[2] Legend holds that during the battle, in the Danes' hour of need, the Dannebrog fell from the sky and gave them renewed hope. As the Estonians attacked the Danish stronghold, the Danes were hard pressed. Anders Sunesen, the Archbishop of Lund, raised his hands to the sky in prayer, and the defenders held tight as long as his hands were raised. As Archbishop Sunesen became exhausted, he eventually had to lower his arms, and the Estonians were on the verge of victory.[3] Then, a red flag with a white cross fell from the sky, and gave the Danes the victory.[4]

This account builds on two different versions from the early 16th century, both based on an even older source. According to legend, Denmark received its national flag, the Dannebrog, during the battle. This legend is mentioned in the last three books (14-16) of the Gesta Danorum, which describe Danish conquests on the south shore of the Baltic Sea and the Northern Crusades. An edition of the Gesta Danorum was edited by Danish priest Christiern Pedersen, and published by Jodocus Badius on 15 March 1514.

This older source set the emergence of Dannebrog as a battle in Livonia in 1208. But the Franciscan friar Peder Olsen (c. 1527) rectified the year as 1219. The legend became affixed to the Battle of Lindanise. The legend of Dannebrog as originating in the Northern Crusades holds true, as the red flag with a white cross originated as a crusader symbol.[4]

References

"Danish Flag (FYI Denmark)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
"The Danish flag, the Dannebrog (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark)". Archived from the original on 2011-12-21. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
This account is reminiscent of the Biblical account of the war between the Hebrews and their arch-foes, the Amalekites, given in the Book of Exodus, Ch. 17. There, too, the outcome of the battle depended on whether Moses could keep his hands raised, with the Amalkites on the verge of winning whenever Moses grew tired and had to lower his hands.
"Dannebrog (Danmarks historie. Aarhus University)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-25.

Bibliography

Urban William L. The Baltic Crusade (Northern Illinois University Press. 1994) ISBN 0-87580-052-1
Lindholm, David; Nicolle, David The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100-1500 (Osprey Publishing; 2007) ISBN 978-1-84176-988-2
Christiansen, Eric Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier (University of Minnesota Press, 1981) ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5

External links

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[1] "Danish Flag (FYI Denmark)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2010-10-01.

[2] "The Danish flag, the Dannebrog (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark)". Archived from the original on 2011-12-21. Retrieved 2010-10-01.

[3] This account is reminiscent of the Biblical account of the war between the Hebrews and their arch-foes, the Amalekites, given in the Book of Exodus, Ch. 17. There, too, the outcome of the battle depended on whether Moses could keep his hands raised, with the Amalkites on the verge of winning whenever Moses grew tired and had to lower his hands.

[pajung-4] "Dannebrog (Danmarks historie. Aarhus University)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-25.