Battle of Rakkestad

As Swedish forces blockaded the Norwegian town of Halden with its fortress Fredriksten, the Swedish Crown Prince Charles John received word that the Norwegians were gathering an army of between 5,000 and 6,000 men under King Christian Frederik, and marched towards von Vegesack from Kjølen to break the Swedish blockade of the town.[10] Prince Charles John then ordered von Vegesack to gather his forces and counterattack the Norwegian main army at Rakkestad. Christian Frederik, however, called off the Norwegian advance after receiving news of the Swedish capture of Fredrikstad; the Norwegian south flank was now seriously threatened, for which reason he withdrew closer to the Glomma river, to keep his escape route open and avoid encirclement. He established his headquarters at Spydeberg, while a Norwegian force of between 2,000 and 3,000 men with 4 guns,[1][3] under Frederik Wilhelm Stabell, destroyed the bridge at the village of Rakkestad and fortified themselves in an advantageous position behind the river.[3]

Vegesack and his troops struck camp at 6 August and marched towards the Norwegians with about 3,000 men and 4 guns.[3][4][5] After some reconnaissance, the Swedish commander decided to force his way over the river, on the Norwegian right flank.[3] A bridge was quickly established under the cover of 2 six-pounder guns — the Norwegians could only answer with 2 one-pounder guns of their own[8] — and some Swedish Jägers, mainly from the Värmland Jäger Regiment, who exchanged fire with the Norwegian center across the river. Once the bridge was completed, one battalion each from the Värmland Jägers and Skaraborg infantry Regiment, led by Vegesack, quickly crossed and launched an all-out bayonet attack on the Norwegian right flank, who were forced back.[11][8] This action relieved the pressure on the center, where the 2nd battalion of the Värmland Jägers and Kalmar Regiment could now cross on another temporary bridge and join the fight, which forced the Norwegians to abandon their positions and flee.[11] Some Norwegian reinforcements under P. H. Butenschøn arrived and, with the cover of a forest, managed to temporarily halt the Swedish onslaught;[8] they were soon, however, quickly thrown back by the Swedish Jägers, and so the battle was decided in favor of the Swedes, as more troops crossed the river and pursued the fleeing Norwegians.[11]

The victory had been total, with as few as 11 to 15 men killed and 36 to 45 wounded Swedes,[8][9][7] to 100 or 150 killed and wounded and 40 captured Norwegians, among them a captain.[6][7] The Värmland Jägers and Skargaborg infantry regiment distinguished themselves especially. Vegesack soon marched on towards Flåtestad, where he joined forces with Bror Cederström, before continuing towards Trømborg, where another Norwegian force was repulsed. Once they reached Askim, the Swedes encountered another Norwegian entrenchment a distance away, at Langnes, where another battle took place.[6] Vegesack then advanced as far as Trøgstad and there captured about 200 Norwegians soldiers (the rest withdrew over the Glomma), on 11 August;[12] the Swedes had thus became masters of the eastern side of the Glomma, south of Øyeren.[13] At the same day as the Battle of Kjølberg Bridge, on 14 August, the Convention of Moss was signed, in favor of Sweden.[14]

• Prytz, Harold Oscar (1867). Historiska upplysningar om Svenska och Norska arméernas regementer och kårer jemte flottorna (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. B. Eklund.
• Götlin, Lars Erik (1820). Anteckningar under Svenska Arméens Fålttåg 1813 och 1814 [Notes during the Swedish Army Trails 1813 and 1814] (in Swedish). 3. Uppsala: Palmblad & C.
• Gravallius, Daniel Ehrenfried (1815). Kronprinsens af Sverige Carl Johan, fälttåg, åren 1813, 1814 [Crown Prince of Sweden Carl Johan, campaign, 1813, 1814] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Direct. och Kongl. Fält-Boktryckaren.
• Bonde, Carl Carlson (1896). Sverige och Norge 1814, skildringar af H. M. Drottning Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta [Sweden and Norway 1814, depictions of H. M. Queen Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta] (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. A Norstedt & Söner.
• Angell, Henrik (1914). Syv-Aars-Krigen for 17. Mai 1807–1814 [The Seven Years' War for May 17, 1807-1814] (in Norwegian). Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co.
• Vegesack, Eugène von (1850). Anteckningar öfver Svenska furstliga personer samt officerare m. fl [Notes on Swedish principals and officers, etc.] (in Swedish). Stockholm: N. Marcus.

• Björlin, Gustaf (1893). Kriget i Norge 1814 – efter samtidas vittnesbörd framställdt [The War in Norway 1814 - after contemporary testimony produced] (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag. pp. 203–205.