Battle of Valverde (1385)

The Battle of Valverde was fought on 14 October 1385, near Valverde de Mérida, Castile, between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, and was part of the Portuguese Crisis of 1383–1385.

Battle of Valverde
Part of the Portuguese Crisis of 1383–1385
Date14 October 1385
Location
Valverde de Mérida, Castile
Result Portuguese victory[1]
Belligerents
Kingdom of Portugal Crown of Castile
Commanders and leaders
Nuno Álvares Pereira Pedro Muñiz de Godoy y Sandoval †[2]
Strength

About 3,000 men:[3]

 About 20,000 men[4]
Casualties and losses
High Very High

Prelude

Two months after the decisive Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota, the Constable of Portugal Nuno Álvares Pereira had decided to take the offensive and invade Castile.

The Portuguese army departed from Estremoz, passing by Vila Viçosa and Olivença. He then entered into Castilian territory, where he took Villagarcia, which he found undefended,[3] from here he then proceeded to the town of Valverde.

While waiting for reinforcements, the Castilians marched on to face the Portuguese and prevent them from crossing the river Guadiana. The Castilian reinforcements were made up mainly of local townspeople and the army numbered about 20,000 men, with the presence of several nobles. Among them, the Master of the Order of Calatrava, Gonzalo Núñez de Guzman, the Master of the Order of Alcántara, the Portuguese Martim Anes de Barbuda and Pedro Muñiz de Godoy y Sandoval, Grand Master of the Order of Santiago.[2]

Battle

A portion of the Castilian army crossed the river and placed themselves on the opposite shore, while the rest remained where they were with the plan of surrounding the Portuguese while they crossed the river.[3] Nuno Álvares Pereira then ordered his army to form a square with the baggage on the center, and impetuously crossed the Castilian forces, which attempted to oppose him. Upon reaching the river shore, Nuno Álvares Pereira ordered his rearguard to protect the baggage and fight the enemy, while with his vanguard he crossed over. The Castilian forces on the opposite shore, numbering about 10,000 men, unsuccessfully oppose their landing.[3] After placing the Portuguese vanguard in position, defending the shore from the Castilians, Nuno Álvares Pereira again crossed the river to reach his rearguard, which was under a rain of arrows launched from the Castilian side. The Constable of Portugal noticing that the Castilians had used all of their projectiles, ordered an attack. Nuno Álvares Pereira himself, seeing the banner of the Grand Master of Santiago, fought his way through the Castilian army until encountering him, and after a brief duel, the Grand Master fell mortally wounded.[5] With his fall and the overthrow of his standard, the Castilian army demoralized and was soon broken and in disorder, and could not stop the Portuguese attack, being quickly and totally defeated.[6]

Aftermath

The Portuguese army pursued the Castilians till nightfall, returning to Portugal in the morning.[7] The disaster that Castile experienced at Aljubarrota was thus quickly followed by another crushing defeat at Valverde. Most of the Portuguese towns that were still occupied by the Castilians soon surrendered to John I of Portugal.[8]

See also

Notes
  1. Edward McMurdo, p.247
  2. O. Martins, p.128
  3. Edward McMurdo, "(...) Nuno Alvares organized an army of 1,000 lances, 2,000 foot-soldiers and some archers (...)" p.245
  4. Edward McMurdo, "(...) and the army numbered in all some 20,000 men." p.245
  5. Richard Henry Major, p.20
  6. Jean Froissart,Sainte-Palaye , p.165
  7. Richard Henry Major, p.21
  8. Richard Henry Major, "Most of the Portuguese towns occupied by the Castilians soon surrendered to the King (...)" p.21

References
  • Edward McMurdo: The History of Portugal (2); The History of Portugal from the Reign of D. Diniz to the reign of D. Afonso V (2009).
  • Jean Froissart,Sainte-Palaye (Jean-Baptiste de La Curne): Chronicles of England, France, Spain, and the adjoining countries, Volume 1 (1839).
  • J. P. Oliveira Martins: Biografias da História de Portugal - D.Nuno Álvares Pereira (2004) ISBN 989-554-135-X
  • Richard Henry Major: The life of Prince Henry of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, and its results (1868).

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