Bei Mir Bistu Shein

Sholom Secunda was a cantor born in the Russian Empire in 1894. He immigrated to the United States as a boy in 1906.[5] When composing tunes for Yiddish theater as a young man, Secunda purportedly spurned a youthful George Gershwin as a musical collaborator in favor of Jacob Jacobs,[6][5] an "actor-director connected with the Parkway Theater."[6] Together, Secunda and lyricist Jacobs created "Bei Mir Bistu Shein" for a Yiddish operetta called I Would If I Could,[7] written in 1932 by Abraham Blum.[4][8][9] The plot of Blum's operetta was allegedly trite and underwhelming:

"Jake, a shoe factory worker who is fired for union organizing activity is in love with the owner's daughter, Hene. In response to her concern about the endurance of his commitment to her, he sings Bay mir bistu sheyn to her at some point in the first act. Despite a series of predictable attempts to thwart the marriage, they are, of course, wed in the end."[4]

The song itself featured only fleetingly in this original musical production and was performed as a lovers duet by Aaron Lebedeff and Lucy Levin.[4][9] Nevertheless, the song became a well-known crowd-pleaser in Yiddish musical theater and at Jewish enclaves in the Catskills.[5] It was a favorite among Jewish bandstands of the Second Avenue milieu.[4] When I Would If I Could closed after one season, Secunda attempted to sell the publishing rights of the song. He flew by plane to California to sell the rights to the song to popular entertainer Eddie Cantor who demurred by saying: "I can't use it. It's too Jewish."[5][10] In dire financial straits, Secunda sold the rights in 1937 to the Kammen Music Company for a mere US $30, a modest sum which he split with his partner Jacobs.[11][6][9][2] (In light of the later global success of the song, Secunda and Jacobs forfeited earning as much as $350,000 in royalties.[9])

The song became a worldwide phenomenon following its recording by The Andrews Sisters (left). Sammy Cahn (right) was purportedly responsible for the song's procurement and, via Lou Levy, for contracting the Andrews Sisters to perform it.

There are conflicting versions regarding the origins for the English version of the song.[5][12] In one popular retelling, musician Sammy Cahn witnessed a spectacular performance of the song in Yiddish by African-American performers Johnnie and George at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York City.[12] Jenny Grossinger, a Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel proprietor, claimed to have taught the song to Johnnie and George while they were performing at the resort.[5][13] Upon seeing the enthusiastic audience response to the song, Cahn urged his employer to buy the rights so that he and frequent collaborator Saul Chaplin could rewrite the composition with English lyrics and alter the rhythm to be more typical of swing music. Cahn later was able to locate the sheet music in a Manhattan store in the Jewish Lower East Side.[12]

A competing origin story claims that bandleader Vic Schoen discovered Secunda's and Jacobs' catchy tune "in a collection of folk songs in a small shop in the lobby of a Yiddish theater on Second Avenue."[12] Schoen forwarded the memorable song to Lou Levy "who in turn gave it to Sammy Cahn and Saul Chaplin who wrote the lyrics for it."[12] Levy then persuaded the little-known Andrews Sisters to record the song as "Bei Mir Bist Du Schön" on November 24, 1937,[14] for a flat fee of $50.[14] The Andrews Sisters had initially attempted to record the song in Yiddish, but their Decca Records producer Jack Kapp stridently objected and insisted the trio record the song in American-vernacular English.[15]

Hitherto dismissed as mere imitators of the Boswell Sisters, the Andrews Sisters' cover of the Yiddish song — "which the [three] girls harmonized to perfection"[16] — catapulted the relatively unknown trio to fame and became a tremendous hit for Kapp's Decca label.[6][2] Within thirty days, a quarter of a million records had been sold, as well as two hundred thousand copies of the sheet music.[5] Life magazine claimed that music stores were inundated by baffled customers trying to purchase a record which they misidentified as either "Buy a Beer, Mr. Shane," or "My Mere Bits of Shame."[5]

Within a year after its release, popular Hollywood films such as Love, Honor and Behave (1938) featured the song. Judy Garland recorded a cover for Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938), although the song did not appear in the final cut of the film.[4][17]

The song quickly became a worldwide phenomenon. Within thirty days of the Andrews Sisters' version of "Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen,"[3] a number of other artists "recorded the songs in the hopes of cashing in on its popularity."[18] In December 1937, artists such as Belle Baker, Kate Smith,[18][17] Benny Goodman (with Martha Tilton and Ziggy Elman),[19] Ella Fitzgerald,[5][18][17] the Barry Sisters,[4] and Rudy Vallée,[17] had all put out competing covers.

Soon after, the song was featured in Hollywood films such as Love, Honor and Behave (1938) sung by ingénue Priscilla Lane,[6] and Oscar Micheaux's American race film Swing (1938) sung by Cora Green.[20] By the end of 1938—a mere year later—Guy Lombardo,[6][4] Greta Keller, Mieczyslaw Fogg,[lower-roman 1] Slim Gaillard,[21] Zarah Leander,[lower-roman 2][22] Willie "The Lion" Smith,[17] Eddie Rosner,[23] Adrian Rollini,[17][24] Tommy Dorsey,[4][17] and others had all recorded the song.

From the 1940s to 1960s, additional covers were performed by a younger generation of artists which included Ramsey Lewis,[lower-roman 3][26][4] Louis Prima (with Keely Smith), [17][lower-roman 4][27] The Crew-Cuts,[17] and June Christy.[17][lower-roman 5][28]

Over time, the song grossed approximately $3 million, with its original creators Secunda and Jacobs missing significant royalties. In February 1961,[9] the copyright on the song expired, and the ownership reverted to Secunda and Jacobs, who signed a contract with Harms, Inc., securing proper royalties.[9][2] That same year, Secunda and Jacobs developed a new musical around the song itself, eponymously titled Bay mir bistu sheyn.[4][9] In the revamped 1961 musical, "a rabbi and his two sons and a matchmaker and his daughter. One of the rabbi's sons is in love with the matchmaker's daughter."[9] Their desired marriage eventually occurs, but not before the usual romantic misunderstandings and complexities.[9] In his later years, shortly before his death, Secunda purportedly expressed dismay that he would be remembered solely for writing the song.[4]

In 1938, the song was a smash hit in Nazi Germany under its Germanized title "Bei mir bist du schön".[4] According to contemporary journalist Michael Mok, the song was likewise immensely popular among the German diaspora in America where pro-Nazi sympathizers in Yorkville ale-houses often chorused the tune under the mistaken impression that it was "a Goebbels-approved" ballad.[6] Initially assumed to be an uncontroversial song in a southern German dialect, an uproar occurred when its Jewish provenance was abruptly discovered and widely publicized by the press.[29][4] Following this embarrassing discovery, as "any music by composers of Jewish ancestry was forbidden under the Nazi regime," the song was promptly banned by state authorities in Germany.[4]

Later during World War II, an unusual exception to this ban occurred: Noticing that radio audiences wished to hear American jazz, the Nazis decided to exploit such music for their propaganda efforts.[30] Accordingly, Charlie and his Orchestra — a Nazi-sponsored German propaganda swing ensemble derisively nicknamed "Goebbels' band"[31] — recorded a state-approved anti-Semitic and anti-Bolshevik version of "Bei Mir Bist Du Schön." This version was played by Nazi broadcasters in occupied countries.[32][33][30] This Nazi propaganda version of the song was entitled "Anthem of the International Brotherhood of Bolsheviks" and has been credited by scholar Élise Petit with increasing anti-Semitic sentiment amid the Holocaust.[32]

In 1943, a Russian-language song for the music was produced entitled "Baron von der Pshik" ("Барон фон дер Пшик"). Presumably to avoid paying royalties, this version was falsely credited to a Soviet songwriter.[4] It featured satirical anti-Nazi lyrics by Anatoli Fidrovsky, with music arrangement by Orest Kandat.[34] Initially, it was recorded by the jazz orchestra (director Nikolay Minkh) of the Baltic Fleet Theatre,[35] and later it was included into the repertoire of Leonid Utyosov's jazz orchestra.[lower-roman 6][34] In the late Soviet period, a similar version came out under the name "In the Cape Town Port", with lyrics by Pavel Gandelman, a Jewish native of Leningrad. This song was performed by Russian singer Larisa Dolina.[lower-roman 7]