Big Eight Conference

The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football. It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA)[2] by its charter member schools: the University of Kansas, University of Missouri,[2] University of Nebraska, and Washington University in St. Louis. Additionally, the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA, while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference (now the Big Ten Conference).

Big Eight Conference
Established1907
Dissolved1996
AssociationNCAA
DivisionDivision I
Members8 (final), 12 (total)
Sports fielded
  • 21[1]
    • men's: 11
    • women's: 10
RegionMidwestern United States, Mountain States, West South Central States
Former namesMissouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1907–1964)
Big Six Conference (1928–1948, unofficial)
Big Seven Conference (1948–1957, unofficial)
Big Eight Conference (1957–1964, unofficial)
HeadquartersKansas City, Missouri
CommissionerCarl C. James (final) 1980–1996
Websitehttp://bigeightsports.com
Locations

The conference was dissolved in 1996. Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska, Iowa State University, the University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of Kansas, Kansas State University, the University of Missouri, the University of Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State University. The Big Eight’s headquarters were located in Kansas City, Missouri.

In February 1994, the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference.[3] The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas, Texas A&M, Baylor, and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year. A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference's headquarters in Kansas City, and by a vote of 7–5 the conference members voted to move to Irving, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. The two Oklahoma schools, all four Texas schools, and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa State voted for Kansas City.[4]

History

Formation

The conference was founded as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA) at a meeting on January 12, 1907 of five charter member institutions: the University of Kansas, the University of Missouri, the University of Nebraska, Washington University in St. Louis, and the University of Iowa, which also maintained its concurrent membership in the Western Conference (now the Big Ten Conference). However, Iowa only participated in football and outdoor men's track and field for a brief period before leaving the conference in 1911.[5]

Early membership changes

In 1908, Drake University and Iowa Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) joined the MVIAA, increasing the conferences membership to seven. Iowa, which was a joint member, departed the conference in 1911 to return to sole competition in the Western Conference, but Kansas State University joined the conference in 1913. Nebraska left in 1918 to play as an independent for two seasons before returning in 1920. In 1919, the University of Oklahoma and Saint Louis University applied for membership, but were not approved due to deficient management of their athletic programs.[6] The conference then added Grinnell College in 1919, with the University of Oklahoma applying again and being approved in 1920. Oklahoma A&M University (now Oklahoma State University) joined in 1925, bringing conference membership to ten, an all-time high.[7]

Conference split

At a meeting in Lincoln, Nebraska, on May 19, 1928, the conference split up. Six of the seven state schools (all except Oklahoma A&M) formed a conference that was initially known as the Big Six Conference.[2] Just before the start of fall practice, the six schools announced they would retain the MVIAA name for formal purposes. However, fans and media continued to call it the Big Six. The three private schools – Drake, Grinnell, and Washington University – joined with Oklahoma A&M to form the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC).[8] The old MVIAA's administrative staff transferred to the MVC.

The similarity of the two conferences' official names, as well as the competing claims of the two conferences, led to considerable debate over which conference was the original and which was the spin-off, though the MVIAA went on to become the more prestigious of the two. For the remainder of the Big Eight's run, both conferences claimed 1907 as their founding date, as well as the same history through 1927. To this day, it has never been definitively established which conference was the original.

Locations of final Big Eight Conference full member institutions, 1957–1995

Conference membership grew with the addition of the University of Colorado on December 1, 1947, from the Mountain States Conference.[9] Later that month, Reaves E. Peters was hired as "Commissioner of Officials and Assistant Secretary" and set up the first conference offices in Kansas City, Missouri. With the addition of Colorado, the conference's unofficial name became the Big Seven Conference, coincidentally, the former unofficial name of the MSC.

The final membership change happened ten years later, when Oklahoma A&M joined (or rejoined, depending on the source) the conference on June 1, 1957,[10] and the conference became known as the Big Eight. That same year, Peters' title was changed to "Executive Secretary" of the conference. He retired in June 1963 and was replaced by Wayne Duke, whose title was later changed to "Commissioner".

In 1964, the conference legally assumed the name "Big Eight Conference". In 1968 the conference began a long association with the Orange Bowl, sending its champion annually to play in the prestigious bowl game in Miami, Florida.

Formation of the Big 12 Conference

In the early 1990s, most of the colleges in Division I-A (now known as the Football Bowl Subdivision) were members of the College Football Association; this included members of the Big Eight and Southwest Conferences. Following a Supreme Court decision in 1984, the primary function of the CFA was to negotiate television broadcast rights for its member conferences and independent colleges. In February 1994, the Southeastern Conference announced that they, like the Big Ten, Pac-10, and Notre Dame before them, would be leaving the CFA and negotiate independently for a television deal that covered SEC schools only. This led The Dallas Morning News to proclaim that "the College Football Association as a television entity is dead".[11] More significantly, this change in television contracts ultimately would lead to significant realignment of college conferences, with the biggest change being the dissolution of the Big Eight and the Southwest Conferences and the formation of the Big 12.

After the SEC's abandonment of the CFA, the Southwest Conference and the Big Eight Conference saw potential financial benefits from an alliance to negotiate television deals, and quickly began negotiations to that end, with ABC and ESPN. Though there were complications over the next several weeks (some of which are detailed below), on February 25, 1994, it was announced that a new conference would be formed from the members of the Big Eight and four of the Texas member colleges of the Southwest Conference.[12][13][14] Though the name would not be made official for several months, newspaper accounts immediately dubbed the new entity the "Big 12".[15] Charter members of the Big 12 included the members of the Big Eight plus Baylor, Texas, Texas A&M and Texas Tech.

Dissolution

Following the formation of the Big 12 Conference in 1994, the Big Eight continued operations till August 30, 1996, when the conference was formally dissolved and its members officially began competition in the Big 12 Conference. Although the Big 12 was essentially the Big Eight plus the four Texas schools, the Big 12 regards itself as a separate conference and does not claim the Big Eight's history as its own.

Members

Final members

Institution Location Founded Type Enrollment Endowment Nickname Colors Varsity Sports National Titles
University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 1876 Public 30,128 $665,000,000[16] Buffaloes                14 28
Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1858 Public 28,682[17] $452,200,000[18] Cyclones           16 18
University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 1865 Public 30,004[19] $1,005,000,000[16] Jayhawks           16 13
Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 1863 Public 23,588[20] $277,600,000[16] Wildcats           14 0
University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 1839 Public 33,318[21] $974,900,000[16] Tigers           18 2
University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 1869 Public 24,100[22] $1,140,000,000[16] Cornhuskers           21 23
University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 1890 Public 29,721 $968,400,000[16] Sooners           19 27
Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1890 Public 23,307 $311,000,000[23] Cowboys           16 55

Previous members

Institution Location Founded Type Enrollment Endowment Nickname Colors Varsity Sports NCAA Titles[24]
Drake University Des Moines, Iowa 1881 Private 3,164 $135,000,000[16] Bulldogs           18 3
Grinnell College Grinnell, Iowa 1846 Private 1,688 $1,260,000,000[25] Pioneers           18 0
University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 1847 Public 30,825 $1,580,000,000[16] Hawkeyes           24 25
Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri 1853 Private 13,995 $4,600,000,000[26] Bears[27]           17 19 (Div. III)

Membership timeline

Big 12University of ColoradoBig 12Oklahoma State UniversityBig 12University of OklahomaGrinnell CollegeBig 12Kansas State UniversityBig 12Iowa State UniversityDrake UniversityBig 12Big 12University of MissouriBig 12University of KansasWashington University in St. LouisUniversity of Iowa

Full members Other Conference

Subsequent conference affiliations

TeamLeft forCurrent home
ColoradoBig 12 ConferencePac-12 Conference1
DrakeMissouri Valley ConferencePioneer Football League
Missouri Valley Conference2
GrinnellMissouri Valley ConferenceMidwest Conference3
IowaBig Ten Conference
Iowa StateBig 12 Conference
Kansas
Kansas State
MissouriBig 12 ConferenceSoutheastern Conference4
NebraskaBig 12 ConferenceBig Ten Conference5
OklahomaBig 12 Conference
Oklahoma State
Washington University in St. LouisMissouri Valley ConferenceUniversity Athletic Association6
College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin
  1. ^ Colorado left the Big 12 for the Pac-12 beginning with the 2011–12 season.
  2. ^ Drake withdrew from the Missouri Valley Conference from 1951–1956. The MVC stopped sponsoring football in 1985; Drake remains a member for all non-football sports. The football program dropped to Division III in 1987, playing as an independent until a change in NCAA rules forced the program to play in Division I. When the new rule took effect in 1993, Drake joined the newly formed Pioneer League, a football-only league playing at the FCS level that prohibits the awarding of football scholarships.
  3. ^ Grinnell joined the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference beginning with the 1939–40 season; their affiliation from 1928–1939 is unclear.[28] The MCAC merged with the Midwest Athletic Conference for Women to form the Midwest Conference beginning with the 1994–95 season.
  4. ^ Missouri left the Big 12 for the SEC beginning with the 2012–13 season.
  5. ^ Nebraska left the Big 12 for the Big Ten beginning with the 2011–12 season.
  6. ^ Washington University left the MVC in 1946; it joined the College Athletic Conference from 1962 through 1971, and became a charter member of the University Athletic Association, which began play with the 1986–87 season. It was independent in all other years.[29] Washington University is now a football-only affiliate member of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin.

Commissioners

Conference champions

Men's basketball

Following are the MVIAA/Big Eight regular-season conference champions from 1908 to 1996 (showing shared championships in italics):[1][35]

Men's basketball regular-season championships (1908–1996)
SchoolTotal titlesOutright titlesYears
Colorado531954 · 1955 · 1962 · 1963 · 1969
Drake00
Grinnell00
Iowa State421935 · 1941 · 1944 · 1945
Kansas43321908 · 1909 · 1910 · 1911 · 1912 · 1914 · 1915 · 1922 · 1923 · 1924 ·
1925 · 1926 · 1927 · 1931 · 1932 · 1933 · 1934 · 1936 · 1937 · 1938 ·
1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1946 · 1950 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1957 ·
1960 · 1966 · 1967 · 1971 · 1974 · 1975 · 1978 · 1986 · 1991 · 1992 ·
1993 · 1995 · 1996
Kansas State17141917 · 1919 · 1948 · 1950 · 1951 · 1956 · 1958 · 1959 · 1960 · 1961 ·
1963 · 1964 · 1968 · 1970 · 1972 · 1973 · 1977
Missouri15121918 · 1920 · 1921 · 1922 · 1930 · 1939 · 1940 · 1976 · 1980 · 1981 ·
1982 · 1983 · 1987 · 1990 · 1994
Nebraska721912 · 1913 · 1914 · 1916 · 1937 · 1949 · 1950
Oklahoma1381928 · 1929 · 1939 · 1940 · 1942 · 1944 · 1947 · 1949 · 1979 · 1984 ·
1985 · 1988 · 1989
Oklahoma State211965 · 1991
Washington (St. Louis)00

Football

Shared championships are shown in italics:[1][36]

Football conference championships (1907–1995)
SchoolTotal titlesOutright titlesYears
Colorado531961 · 1976 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991
Drake00
Grinnell00
Iowa101907
Iowa State201911 · 1912
Kansas521908 · 1930 · 1946 · 1947 · 1968
Kansas State111934
Missouri12101909 · 1913 · 1919 · 1924 · 1925 · 1927 · 1939 · 1941 · 1942 · 1945 ·
1960 · 1969
Nebraska41311907 · 1910 · 1911 · 1912 · 1913 · 1914 · 1915 · 1916 · 1917 · 1921 ·
1922 · 1923 · 1928 · 1929 · 1931 · 1932 · 1933 · 1935 · 1936 · 1937 ·
1940 · 1963 · 1964 · 1965 · 1966 · 1969 · 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1975 ·
1978 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · 1984 · 1988 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 ·
1995
Oklahoma34261920 · 1933 · 1938 · 1943 · 1944 · 1946 · 1947 · 1948 · 1949 · 1950 ·
1951 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1955 · 1956 · 1957 · 1958 · 1959 · 1962
1967 · 1968 · 1972 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 · 1978 · 1979 · 1980 ·
1984 · 1985 · 1986 · 1987
Oklahoma State211926 · 1976
Washington (St. Louis)00

Kansas would have won the 1960 title, but after found to be using an ineligible player they were forced to forfeit their victories over Missouri and Colorado, which meant that Missouri was awarded the 1960 Big Eight title.
Oklahoma initially won the 1972 title, but after it was found that they used ineligible players, they were penalized by the NCAA, though they did not force OU to forfeit games. The Big Eight asked them to forfeit three games and awarded the title to Nebraska, but Oklahoma still claims these wins and this title.

National championships won by MVIAA/Big Eight members

The following is a complete list of the 100 AIAW, NCAA and college football championships won by teams that were representing the Big Eight Conference in NCAA- or AIAW-recognized sports at the time of the championship.[24]

National team titles by institution

The national championships listed below are for the final eight members of the conference, as of July 2014. Football, Helms, and equestrian titles are included in the total, but excluded from the column listing NCAA and AIAW titles.

Big Eight National Championships
SchoolTotal titlesTitles as a member
of the Big Eight
NCAA and AIAW titles[24]Notes
Colorado281527CU has 1 recognized football title and 1 AIAW title
Iowa State181818ISU has 5 AIAW titles
Kansas131111KU has 2 Helms basketball titles
Kansas State000
Missouri222
Nebraska231618NU has 5 recognized football titles and 1 AIAW title
Oklahoma271920OU has 7 recognized football titles
Oklahoma State572152OSU has 4 equestrian titles and 1 recognized football title

Racial integration

The history of the Big Eight Conference straddles the era of racial segregation in the United States, particularly as it relates to African Americans.

Before the formation of the conference, three African-American brothers at the University of Kansas are the first known to have participated in organized sports for a league school: Sherman Haney played baseball for KU beginning in 1888, followed by Grant Haney and then Ed Haney, the last of whom also played football at KU in 1893.[37] At the same time, the University of Nebraska football team had on its roster George Flippin, the son of a slave, beginning in 1891.[37] Nebraska's football team featured three more African-American players over the next 12 years. Notable among these NU players was Clinton Ross, who in 1911 apparently became the first African-American to participate in sport in the MVIAA, following the league's formation in 1907.[38]

Race relations in the United States, however, deteriorated in the early 20th century, and African-American athletes disappeared almost entirely from the conference in the four decades after Ross's final season at NU in 1913. The lone exception during the following decades was Iowa State. In 1923 Jack Trice became the first African-American athlete at Iowa State – and the only one in the conference. Tragically, Trice died two days after playing his second football game with Iowa State, due to injuries suffered during the game (against Minnesota). Jack Trice Stadium at Iowa State is now named in his honor. Trice was followed at Iowa State by Holloway Smith, who played football for ISU in 1926 and 1927. After Smith, the league's teams were all-white for more than two decades. (During this time all of the major professional sports leagues in the U.S. were also segregated.)

Modern era

The modern era of full integration of league sports began at Kansas State, with Harold Robinson. In 1949, Harold Robinson played football for Kansas State with an athletic scholarship. In doing so, Robinson broke the modern "color barrier" in conference athletics, and also became the first ever African-American athlete on scholarship in the conference.[39][40] Harold Robinson later received a letter of congratulations from Jackie Robinson, who had reintegrated major league baseball in 1947 while playing with the Brooklyn Dodgers.[39]

In the spring of 1951 the conference's baseball color barrier was broken by Kansas State's Earl Woods, and in the winter of 1951–1952 Kansas State's Gene Wilson and Kansas's LaVannes C. Squires jointly broke the conference color barrier in basketball.

Nebraska was the third league school to (re)integrate its athletic teams, with Charles Bryant joining the football team in 1952.[41] Iowa State would be next, with Harold Potts and Henry Philmon reintegrating the Cyclone football team in 1953.[42] The following season, Franklin Clarke became the first varsity African-American football player at the University of Colorado. In 1955, Homer Floyd became the first African-American to play football for the KU Jayhawks since Ed Haney in 1893. Sports teams at the remaining three conference schools (Oklahoma, Missouri and Oklahoma State) were subsequently all integrated by the end of the 1950s. Most notably, Prentice Gautt became the first black player for Bud Wilkinson at Oklahoma in 1956.

Every college football team of the Big Eight was fully integrated by the end of the 1950s and this gave the conference an advantage throughout the 1960s as many opposing conferences had not yet integrated their sports teams. The Southeastern Conference who was well known as the last major college sports conference to oppose integration had particular trouble against the Big Eight during its final years fielding all White teams (the first SEC school to integrate Kentucky did so in 1967 and the last school to do so Mississippi did so in 1972.) During the SEC’s 8 year national championship drought between 1965 and 1973, the Big Eight teams repeatedly defeated the SEC teams in inter-conference games some of which were National Championships largely due to their integrated teams.[43]

The Big Eights best season ever 1971 ended with three Big Eight schools Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Colorado finishing Number 1, 2, and 3 in the final AP poll the only season in college football history that three teams from the same conference finished in the top three rankings.[44] During that season, all three of those teams beat SEC schools Alabama, Auburn, and LSU in blowout victories. In each of the Big Eight victories in that season and the other seasons during this time period, the performance of each Big Eight Schools’ Black Players many of whom were All Americans was a deciding factor in the Big Eight victories.[45] These players performance contributed to the SEC schools recruitment of Black Players as the next National Championship won by the SEC in 1973 was by an integrated Alabama team.[46]

Conference facilities

This is a listing of the conference facilities as of the last year of the conference 1995–1996.

School Football stadium Capacity Basketball arena Capacity Baseball Stadium Capacity
Colorado Folsom Field 51,655 Coors Events Center 11,065 Prentup Field (Concluded in 1980) N/A
Iowa State Jack Trice Stadium 43,000 Hilton Coliseum 14,356 Cap Timm Field (Concluded in 2001) 3,500
Kansas Memorial Stadium 50,250 Allen Fieldhouse 16,300 Hoglund Ballpark 2,500
Kansas State KSU Stadium 43,000 Bramlage Coliseum 13,500 Frank Myers Field 2,000
Missouri Faurot Field 62,023 Hearnes Center 13,611 Simmons Field 2,000
Nebraska Memorial Stadium 76,500 Bob Devaney Center 13,000 Buck Beltzer Stadium 1,500
Oklahoma Owen Field 74,897 Lloyd Noble Center 11,528 L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park 2,700
Oklahoma State Lewis Field 55,509 Gallagher-Iba Arena 6,381 Allie P. Reynolds Stadium 3,821

See also

References

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  2. Murphy, Austin (November 28, 2011). "Bordering On Hatred: Rivalry Week will once again deliver must-see matchups, but this year's Kansas-Missouri showdown is like no other: It may very well be the last". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  3. "Texas Giants Merge With Big 8". Associated Press. February 27, 1994.
  4. "Big 12 Conference offices to be located in Dallas". The Fort Scott Tribune. Fort Scott, Kansas. Associated Press. February 3, 1996.
  5. "Iowa". www.bigeightsports.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
  6. "Oklahoma Refused". Lawrence Journal-World. Lawrence, Kansas. May 31, 1919.
  7. "Oklahoma Aggies in Valley Group". Lawrence Journal-World. December 6, 1924.
  8. "Big Six Grid Squads Take Field Tomorrow". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. September 16, 1928.
  9. Fullerton, Jr., Hugh (May 27, 1947). "Sports Roundup". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press.
  10. "Group To Ask NCAA Opinion". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. May 19, 1957.
  11. Maisel, Ivan (February 12, 1994). "SEC Officially Leaves CFA; Big East Will Follow Soon". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
  12. "Politics played big part information of Big 12". The Deseret News. February 28, 1994. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  13. "Texas Giants Merge With Big 8". The Nevada Daily Mail. Associated Press. February 27, 1994.
  14. "Presidents Decide on Name: Big 12". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. May 13, 1994.
  15. "Politics played big part in formation of Big 12". February 28, 1994. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  16. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-01. Retrieved 2011-01-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "Iowa State University fall enrollment soars to a record 28,682 students". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  18. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2010-02-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. KU Fall 2009 Enrollment Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
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  21. "New Semester Sets Records". Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  22. "NU enrollment highest in 13 years; up for 5th consecutive year". nebraska.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  23. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/oklahoma-state-3170
  24. "Summary ALL DIVISIONS/COLLEGIATE TOTAL CHAMPIONSHIPS" (PDF). Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  25. Brainard, Jeffrey (27 January 2011). "Endowments Regain Ground With 12% Returns" via The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  26. "Trustees meet, dedicate Brauer Hall – The Source – Washington University in St. Louis". 1 October 2010.
  27. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-09-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. http://www.grinnell.edu/files/downloads/Grinnell%20College%20Football%20Season-by-Season%20Records_0.pdf%5B%5D
  29. "About Bear Sports".
  30. "Reaves Peters, Ex-Big 8 Head, Dies of Cancer". Kansas City, Missouri: Lawrence Journal-World. January 31, 1966. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  31. "Big Ten Official Athletic Site". www.bigten.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
  32. "Neinas Sports Services". www.neinassports.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
  33. "Carl James".
  34. "Former Big Eight Commissioner Carl James Passes Away Saturday".
  35. "Big Eight Conference basketball history" (PDF). Big 12 Conference. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  36. "Big Eight Conference football record book" (PDF). Big 12 Conference. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  37. "Lapchick: Pioneering student-athletes required courage". ESPN.com. 20 February 2008.
  38. "Nebraska U". unlhistory.unl.edu.
  39. "Athlete Who Broke Big 12 Race Barrier Dies". CBS College Sports. May 13, 2006. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  40. Baker, S Zebulon, "'To help foster athletic equality here in the Midwest': Defeating Jim Crow in the Big Seven Conference." Kansas History 39:2 (2016): 74-93. http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2016summer_baker.pdf
  41. "Ken Geddes – No. 89 – Nebraska's Greatest Athletes". dataomaha.com.
  42. "Iowa State Athletics". www.cyclones.com.
  43. "Was Nebraska a Catalyst?Bama Dynasty". huskies.com.
  44. "Fixing the Final 1971 AP College Poll". tiptop25.com.
  45. "LSU fully integrated 45 years after last All-White team". tigerrag.com.
  46. "The Historical Alabama Vs Notre Dame-The 1973 Sugar Bowl". rollbamaroll.com.
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