Bonanza City, New Mexico

Miners in the Cerrillos Hills.

The Cerrillos Hills are a grouping of hills in modern-day New Mexico containing deposits of valuable resources including silver, gold, lead, copper, and turquoise.[2][3] The Pueblo have mined for turquoise in the hills as early as the 900s CE.[2][3] During the 16th and 17th centuries, the colonizing Spanish used Pueblo slave labor to mine turquoise, as well as lead and silver.[2][3] In 1680, the Pueblo revolted against the Spanish and temporarily drove them from Santa Fe de Nuevo México (modern-day New Mexico); with the exception of a few sporadic mining operations, wide-scale mining would not occur again until the late 1800s.[note 1]

Ownership of the Cerrillos Hills region passed to Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence and then to the United States in 1848 following the Mexican–American War. In May 1879, the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant began selling land in New Mexico, including the Cerrillos Hills region, to the American public.[4] Later that year, two miners from Colorado discovered gold and silver deposits within the Cerrillos Hills, which lead to a mining boom and the establishment of numerous mining towns around the Cerrillos Hills.[2][4] In September 1879, the Los Cerrillos Mining District was established to regulate mining claims within the region.[5] By the end of 1880, at least 500 mining shafts had been opened within the district.[6]

A possible photograph of Bonanza City during the early 1880s[note 2]

Bonanza City was founded in 1880 by John Mahoney, the former US consul to Algiers.[1][10] Bonanza is Spanish for "prosperity" or "rich ore pocket";[10] Bonanza City was one of the many mining towns founded after the discovery of valuable minerals in the Los Cerrillos hills.[2][11] By July 1881, the town contained a store, post office, hotel, and smelter;[1] Bonanza City also had a church and priest at some point in the early 1880s.[7] The town however lacked important amenities such as a barbershop, shoemaker, and a general merchandise store.[1] Bonanza City had a population of up to 2,000 people,[10] presumably at some point from 1880 to 1883.[1]

In 1883, the Bonanza City post office closed, while the smelter was transported to Albuquerque after Bonanza failed to provide enough ore.[1][12][13] The population of Bonanza City dropped to 200 by 1884, although some demand for miners existed for another year or so.[1] The town went into further decline following 1885 and was largely abandoned by 1890.[1][7] Bonanza City experienced a temporary revival in the early 1900s after the construction of a small smelter,[7] but was ultimately completely abandoned at some point in the early 20th century.[note 3] Today, all that remains of the original town are building foundations and the ruins of the smelter.[1]

The Bonanza Creek Movie Ranch is located near the ruins of Bonanza City.[note 4] The Hughes family obtained the ranch during the 1940s.[20] The family has used the ranch as a filming location since the early 1950s, when scenes from The Man from Laramie were filmed there.[21] Dozens of films, including Silverado, The Legend of the Lone Ranger, and A Million Ways to Die in the West, have since been filmed in part or entirely on the ranch.[20] The 2007 television show Kid Nation, which aired for one season on CBS, was also filmed on the ranch.[19] The series tasked forty children, ranging in age from 8 to 15, with revitalizing a fictionalized version of Bonanza City and correcting the supposed mistakes of the city's original residents.[22][19] The show proved controversial and faced claims of child exploitation.[23][19]

The earliest films produced on the ranch either took place outdoors or used facades.[21] Starting in the 1980s, a permanent movie set was constructed on the ranch by the Hughes family and various production companies.[21][19] The set consists of complete, free standing buildings that are supplied with water and electricity.[21]