Booker Group

The company was founded by George and Richard Booker in 1835, when they bought their first ship and established the Booker Line, which focused on shipping goods.[4] It later diversified into the distribution of goods, and gradually disposed of its fleet of ships. With a new focus on wholesale food distribution, the company had over 100 warehouses across the United Kingdom by 1978, and was trading as Booker McConnell Ltd.[5]

Among other interests, it operated the sugar industry in Guyana (British Guiana before independence in 1966), running five Booker Line ships, until it was nationalised around 1970. After six months, Booker was called back to market the sugar. Booker had a long history of exploitation of sugar workers through the indentured labour system during the 19th and 20th centuries (outright slavery was abolished in British Guiana before Booker's founding, but exploitative labour practices continued). At its peak, it controlled 75% of the sugar industry in British Guiana and was so powerful that a common joke was to refer to the country as "Booker's Guiana".[6]

In 1952, Jock Campbell took over the chairmanship of the company and his Fabian social politics transformed it dramatically into a benevolent force providing major benefits for sugar workers.[7] Jock Campbell was also instrumental in the setting up of Booker's Author Division, which sponsored the Booker Prize.[8]

In 1986, the company set up a short lived co venture between the directors of Siriol Animation to create Kalisto.[9] Kalisto also developed a show called Space Baby (which eventually became Fantastic Max), along with another series called Satellite City (which was co produced with Fairwater Films)[10] and the animated film The Little Engine That Could.[11] Kalisto barely lasted a year before Booker bought the rights back.[12]

Happy Shopper, Black Moor Estate, Moor Allerton, Leeds

In November 1996, Booker bought Nurdin & Peacock, taking ownership of the convenience store operator and brand Happy Shopper.[1] Happy Shopper's products are sold by Booker to independent convenience stores and off licences. In 2000, the brand's logo of a smiling face with blonde hair was dropped from products and packaging, as part of a redesign by Partners In Communication, a design consultant company.[13]

In May 2000, Booker was purchased by Iceland Supermarkets, via its Big Food Group vehicle.[14] Then, in December 2004, Big Food Group was in turn bought by acquisitive Icelandic group, Baugur,[15] which split Booker and Iceland again into different companies.[16]

In June 2007, Booker reversed into an AIM listed wholesaler of groceries Blueheath, to form Booker Group plc.[17] Baugur sold all its assets in Booker Cash & Carry in June 2008,[18] only weeks after its founder was found guilty of accounting irregularities.[19] Baugur collapsed in February 2009, amidst the Icelandic financial crisis.[20]

In September 2009, Booker opened a store in Mumbai and planned to expand its cash and carry stores across India.[21] In May 2012, Metro Group sold the thirty stores of Makro in the United Kingdom and all operational assets to Booker Group Plc, in return for 9.99% of Booker's share capital, plus £15.8 million in cash; although the merger was referred to the Office of Fair Trading it was cleared by the Competition Commission in April 2013.[22]

In May 2015, Booker Group confirmed it had reached an agreement with Musgrave Group to buy the Budgens and Londis grocery chains, for £40 million.[23] In January 2017, Tesco announced that it had reached an agreement to merge with Booker Group for £3.7 billion, subject to shareholder and regulatory approval.[24] It was confirmed on 5 March 2018 that Tesco had completed its merger with Booker.[25]