Boophone

Boophone is a small genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.[2]) It consists of two confirmed species distributed across South Africa to Kenya and Uganda. It is closely related to Crossyne, a genus whose species have prostrate leaves.[3] They are drought tolerant but not cold-hardy, and are very poisonous to livestock.

Boophone
Inflorescence of Boophone disticha
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Tribe: Amaryllideae
Subtribe: Boophoninae
Genus: Boophone
Herb.[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Buphane Herb.
  • Boophane Herb.
Boophone disticha flowerhead with caterpillars of the Noctuid moth Diaphone eumela

Taxonomy

Boophone is the single genus in subtribe Boophoninae, in the Amaryllideae tribe.

Phylogeny

Boophoninae are placed within Amaryllideae as follows, based on their phylogenetic relationship:

Tribe Amaryllideae
 

Subtribe Amaryllidinae

 
 
 

Subtribe Boophoninae

 
 
 

Subtribe Strumariinae

 
 

Subtribe Crininae

 
 
 
 

Species

The list of Boophone species, with their complete scientific name, authority, and geographic distribution is given below.[4]

FlowersPlantScientific nameDistribution
Boophone disticha (L.f.) [5]From Sudan to South Africa
Boophone haemanthoides Leight.[6]From Namibia to the Western Cape Province

Etymology

William Herbert wrote the name of this genus with three different orthographies: "Boophane" in 1821; "Buphane" and "Buphone" in 1825. This final spelling was corrected to "Boophone" in 1839 by Milne-Redhead. The name was derived from the Greek bous (an ox) and phone (death), due to its toxic nature to cattle. A proposal was published in 2001 to conserve the name "Boophone" and to take the earlier ones as synonyms.[7] This proposal was accepted in 2002.[8]

Associated insects

Larvae of the moth genera Brithys and Diaphone use Boophone as a food plant.

Traditional medicine

Boophone disticha is used in South African traditional medicine by the Zulus to induce hallucinations for divinatory purposes, and also for various mental illnesses.[9] Its use, however, is limited by injuries that result from the plant's toxicity.[10] They have also been used as ingredients in traditional arrow poisons, and medicinal dressings for skin lesions.[11]

Chemistry

A variety of alkaloids with affinity for the serotonin transporter have been isolated from Boophone disticha.[12][13]

References
  1. Appendix: 18 (1821).
  2. Stevens, P.F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae".
  3. Vigneron, P. (2000–2006). "Boophone". Amaryllidaceae organization. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  4. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. World Checklist of Monocotyledons: Boophone . Accessed May 16, 2009.
  5. Herb. Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2578 (1825)
  6. Leighton, Frances Margaret. Journal of South African Botany 13: 59. 1947.
  7. R. H. Archer; R. K. Brummitt; D. A. Snijman (2001). "Proposal to conserve the name Boophone Herbert with that spelling (Amaryllidaceae)". Taxon. 50 (2): 569–572. doi:10.2307/1223904. JSTOR 1223904.
  8. Richard K. Brummitt. 2002. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 53. Taxon, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 795–799.
  9. Stafford GI, Pedersen ME, van Staden J, Jäger AK (2008). "Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 119 (3): 513–37. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010. PMID 18775771.
  10. J. F. Sobiecki (2002). "A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive purposes in southern African healing traditions". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 57 (1–2): 1–24. doi:10.1080/00359190209520523. S2CID 40983799.
  11. "Amaryllidaceae". succulent-plant.com. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  12. Sandager M, Nielsen ND, Stafford GI, van Staden J, Jäger AK (2005). "Alkaloids from Boophane disticha with affinity to the serotonin transporter in rat brain". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 98 (3): 367–70. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.037. PMID 15814274.
  13. Neergaard J, Andersen J, Pedersen ME, Stafford GI, van Staden J, Jäger AK (2009). "Alkaloids from Boophone disticha with affinity to the serotonin transporter". South African Journal of Botany. 72 (2): 371–4. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.02.173.
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