Boris Choubert

• In Gabon in 1934 Boris Choubert discovered the characteristic minerals, manganite and rhodochrosite, of a huge manganese deposit, which holds a quarter of all world reserves.[lower-alpha 3][3]
• In 1939 he discovered the first diamonds in the alluvial deposits of the Ikoy River basin, near Lambaréné (Estuaire Province, Gabon). He would show later that these deposits are of secondary origin, and that these diamonds come in fact from kimberlites, the same as those from South Africa.[4]
• In Guyane he realized a detailed study of the gold mines of Saint-Élie and A Dieu Vat, and already drew attention to the problems generated by placer mining.[5]

• Boris Choubert achieved, alone or in collaboration, a great number of geological maps at various scales, from mine plans at 1/4,000 to a global tectonic map at 1/10,000,000, with a particular attention at the magmatic and metamorphic rocks of ancient formations.
• In 1935 he published a very important paper[6] where he reconstructs Paleozoic and Precambrian ranges, and deduces the past existence and contours of the paleocontinent that predated the Atlantic Ocean opening.
• In French Guiana he tackles the geological map of the territory (88,000 km²) at 1/500,000 scale, a map published in 1949 then, with more details, in 1960.

Evoked several times between 1596 and 1908, the continental drift concept was chiefly developed and advocated by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener between 1912 et 1929, on the basis of different criteria, morphological (the nesting of continent shapes, like the Horn of Brazil and the Gulf of Guinea), stratigraphic (stratigraphic continuity between Africa and South America, and complementarity of Paleozoic cratons), paleoclimatic (similarity of Paleozoic striated pebbles of South Africa and South America) and paleontological (same fauna and flora during the Paleozoic era).

Wegener's studies obtained but limited success among the geological and geophysical community, for a number of reasons: in part because for every isolated argument one could appeal to coincidence or find some other explanation, but above all because the mechanisms that Wegener invoked as driving drift did not hold water.[7][lower-alpha 4]

Boris Choubert was aware of studies by the South-African geologist Alexander du Toit, who had evidenced the great similarity of ancient South-American, West-African and South-African formations and was a supporter of Wegener's theory. Working on rocks from Gabon, Congo and Brazil, Boris Choubert confirmed the findings of du Toit and in turn became a fervent supporter of continental drift.

Boris Choubert's reconstruction of the America-Greenland-Europe-Africa supercontinent (1935).

Boris Choubert published in 1935 a reconstruction of the relative positions of America, Africa and Europe before the Triassic.[6] This reconstitution was much more precise than the previous proposals by Wegener[8] and du Toit,[9] essentially because Choubert, instead of using coastlines, based his reconstitution on the 1000-m isobath, a much better representation of the limits of continental blocks.

That excellent fit was more convincing a proof of continental drift than previous attempts, which left a large gap between Africa and South America. For his reconstruction Boris Choubert dared for the first time the idea that the Iberian Peninsula suffered, after the Triassic, a rotation with respect to the rest of Europe. He also swept the Mid-Atlantic Ridge problem by explaining that it formed posteriorly to Atlantic Ocean opening. The Caribbean Sea does not fit as well as the rest but, as it is known today, it was seriously affected by Cenozoic tectonics.

Boris Choubert drew the theory farther than Wegener, who had only considered post-Triassic continental drift. By reconstructing the Paleozoic mountain ranges across the Atlantic (Caledonian range, Hercynian range et Appalachians), he made clear that they were formed by the compression of sediments that had been accumulated between three Precambrian cratons (Canadian Shield and Fennoscandian Shield at north, Gondwana at south). Withdrawing those ranges he concluded that the three cratons had made a single continent at the end of the Precambrian, which was later fragmented during the Paleozoic. Hence he realized that continental drift is a general process, which has affected the Earth all along its geological history.

Reconstruction by Bullard et al. of the America-Greenland-Europe-Africa supercontinent (1965).

Thirty years later, Edward Bullard and co-authors published a paper[10] in which a reconstruction similar to Choubert's was achieved with the help of a computer, through the numerical minimisation of distances between continental blocks. This paper rapidly acquired a great reputation among the scientific community, whereas Choubert's work had remained almost unnoticed (and it is even not cited in Bullard et al.'s paper).