Canales investigation
The Canales Investigation was a 1919 legislative hearing into criminal conduct of the Texas Rangers, named for Texas State Representative José Tomás (J.T.) Canales. The purpose of the hearing was to "investigate the activities and necessity for a continuance of the force."[1]:435 The investigations surfaced several allegations of wrongdoing, from murder to intimidation charges, with varying degrees of evidence.[2]:78 The committee absolved the Texas Rangers of all legal wrongdoing while acknowledging a track record of abuse, and commended the adjutant general of the Texas Rangers.[2]:82 Nonetheless, the investigation sparked internal reform of the Texas Rangers aimed to increase professionalism and accountability.[1]:465
Background
The 1910 Mexican Revolution had raised tensions along the border of Texas and Mexico. Immigration into the southern US states from Mexico rose, with nearly one million Mexicans entering the United States at the turn of the century.[3]:666 Land redistribution efforts in Mexico made Anglo-Americans nervous about disputed land claims between the United States and Mexico. This tension, mixed with fears that Mexico would side with Germany in the first World War, created extraordinary tension on the border.[4]
Texas Governor James Edward Ferguson nearly doubled the size of the ranger force, from 13 to 24 men, from 1913 to 1916.[3]:667 With rumors of an organized insurrection and word of the Mexican insurrectionist Plan de San Diego spread, the governor declared a punishment of execution of insurrectionists. The Texas Rangers thus began a campaign of racial profiling and ethnic violence against Mexicans in Texas.[3]:667 One Texas judge, James Wells, estimated in later testimony that Texas officers and vigilantes were responsible for the executions of up to 300 Mexican men in just two counties.[3]:667 The Texas Rangers and hundreds of other temporary military police known as "Loyalty Rangers" may have killed between 300 and 5,000 Mexican and Tejano men through 1919.[5][6][7] Widespread claims of abuse of authority and vigilantism would spark the investigation of the Texas Rangers by Jose Tomas Canales in 1919.[2]:73
House Bill 5
Representative J. T. Canales, the only Hispanic state lawmaker in Texas at the time,[8] introduced legislation to regulate Ranger activity after being threatened by a Ranger, Frank Hamer, in the course of an investigation. Canales wrote a formal letter to Texas Governor William P. Hobby, who promised an investigation. Hamer was forced to apologize but was not removed.[2]:73
Following the incident, Canales introduced legislation, House Bill 5, which would, among other measures, limit the number of Texas Rangers to 24 officers, increase pay and professionalism (with requirements for age and prior service). It also called for Rangers to hand over prisoners to local authorities immediately, rather than detain them.[2]:77 Discussion of the bill inspired heated and emotional rhetoric in defense of the Rangers, with Canales making charges that the group was responsible for the abuse of prisoners and a number of murders.[2]:77
During the debate, Adjutant General James A. Harley intervened to request an investigation into the "motives that actuate men to make complaint," intending an investigation into Canales and those who were perceived as impugning the reputation of the Ranger Force, but also to articulate a final argument in defense of the force's existence.[2]:77
Charges
The hearings, which convened on January 31, 1919, were formally "The Joint Committee of the Senate and the House in the Investigation of the Texas Ranger Force." It included two state senators and three state representatives, and was chaired by Lubbock representative W.H. Bledsoe.[1]:435 The panel heard from 80 witnesses over 12 days of testimony amounting to 1,605 printed pages.[2]:78[1]:435
The defense, on the side of the Rangers, was represented by former legislator Robert E. Lee Knight and Texas Cattle Ranchers Association Attorney Dayton Moses. The defense focused on the mental health of Canales, arguing that he suffered delusions.[2]:78 Canales, on the offense, introduced six charges, which would swell to 19 charges, many of which were vague and worded in ways that would be impossible to prove.[2]:78 Canales proposed that support for the Texas Rangers was a result of German propaganda, designed to inflame tensions against Mexico to distract the United States from entering World War I.[9]:142
Many witnesses testified with both acknowledgment and ambivalence to the Rangers' acts of violence. One, Judge James B. Wells, testified both that he believed Rangers were responsible for a mass murder of 11 Mexican men whose corpses he had personally discovered on the side of the road in a state of decay. Nonetheless, he testified, "I thought it was my duty and I never took a cent of compensation. Defended several for murder."[3]:670
Massacre
The Porvenir massacre was an incident on January 28, 1918 in Presidio County, Texas in which the Rangers and local ranchers killed 15 Mexican villagers.[10]:64 The Texas Rangers Company B was sent to the area to stop banditry after the Brite Ranch raid. However, despite having no evidence that the Porvenir villagers were involved, witnesses testified that “American soldiers, Rangers, and Texas Ranchmen” executed fifteen men.[4][10] Porvenir resident Rosenda Mega testified that the Rangers "took them about one-quarter of a mile from said ranch, and then in a very cowardly manner, and without examining any of them, shot them.”[4]
Murder
Canales highlighted the murder of Lisandro Muñoz and the disappearance of Florencio Garcia. Canales had brought the murder of Lisandro Muñoz to the committee, charging that Ranger John J. Edds had murdered Muñoz on October 6, 1918. Edds admitted he had entered the home of a deserter without a warrant, and that he was overpowered by Muñoz, arguing that the murder was in self-defense.[2]:78 Regarding Florencio Garcia, two rangers had taken Garcia into custody for a theft investigation. The next day they let Garcia go, and were last seen escorting him on a mule. Garcia was never seen again. A month after the interrogation, bones and Garcia's clothing were found beside the road where the Rangers claimed to have let Garcia go. The Rangers were arrested for murder, freed on bail, and acquitted due to lack of evidence.[2]:80
Another murder investigation lead one Ranger to confess to collecting $10 a week from brothels and bars, on order of the city marshal. The case had been addressed but the charges previously dismissed as lacking evidence. The Ranger resigned.[1]:437
During the trial, two rangers became intoxicated and shot each other during a poker game with four other rangers and two women, resulting in one fatality. The officers were all discharged, and the committee decided it would not invite witnesses to testify or hear further details of the incident.[2]:81[1]:454
Intimidation
The counsel also heard the testimony of Jesus Villareal, who testified that two Rangers had pistol-whipped him, suffocated him, put a gun into his mouth and planned to plant evidence unless he confessed to the crime of transporting Mexican immigrants across the border. Canales acknowledged he had no further evidence for this charge aside from the testimony.[1]:437
Another Ranger admitted to pistol-whipping an attorney in a courtroom in Falfurrias,[1]:463 while testimony of waitstaff from the San Francisco Cafe in San Antonio suggested that a Ranger had pistol-whipped a waiter. Canales acknowledged that the Ranger had been dismissed, but suggested that evidence had been tampered with to suggest he had been dismissed prior to the incident with the waiter.[1]:446
Canales also argued that he had anonymous testimony from dozens of claimants, whom he would not reveal, who claimed that they had not brought charges against Rangers for known misbehavior because they had no faith that the crimes would not simply be covered up. Canales argued mostly of his own experience being threatened by Hamer, and argued that Hamer should have been dismissed for threatening an elected official, rather than simply asked to apologize. The committee had little concern with Hamer's behavior, and openly mocked Canales, asking whether Hamer "should go into hiding" whenever Canales came to Austin.[1]:446
Leadership failures
Canales argued that repeated Ranger violations of state statutes under Harley were cause for Harley's dismissal and replacement. The committee ruled that this was beyond the scope of their investigation. Harley responded to Canales' allegation with a vulgar statement accusing Canales' of trying to sodomize the Rangers. The charge was dismissed.[1]:455–456
Conclusions
The committee disbanded on February 13. On February 18, it issued a verdict absolving the Rangers of wrongdoing and suggested the force be allowed to continue, despite supporting the claim that Garcia had been murdered by agents, and other evidence of "gross violation of both civil and criminal laws.” It argued that the Rangers had violated the laws in searching homes without warrants and that it had illegally seized firearms.[2]:82 Nonetheless, it offered praise to General Harley, head of the Ranger Force, declaring him "entitled to the commendation of the Senate and House for the able, efficient, impartial, and fearless manner in which he has discharged the duties placed upon him."[2]:82 The committee backed Canales' bill, calling for a reduction of the force and higher pay.[1]:459
The House scratched Canales' proposal in favor of a new bill which raised pay, set a cap of 75 Rangers, and otherwise reinforced existing laws; it passed 87–10 with Canales in the minority opposition.[2]:82[1]:459 Nonetheless, the bill was collectively referred to as "the Canales reforms," though they bore little resemblance to Canales' proposal.[1]:461
Reforms
The so-called Canales Reforms introduced a smaller force with higher pay standards and a minimum and maximum age requirement for Rangers. It opened a process for filing formal complaints against Ranger misdeeds, which would be directed to the adjutant general of the Rangers; this was a formalization of the process that had already existed.[1]:462 The Rangers were reorganized into four companies of 16 Rangers, each with one captain, and one headquarters with six men and a captain.[11]:637
Internally, the Rangers voluntarily adopted increased bureaucracy, requiring daily scout reports and identification badges. A code of conduct was introduced, forbidding drinking, gambling, obscene language and public criticism of fellow Rangers; guns could be worn but were to be hidden in public areas when off duty.[1]:465
References
- Harris, Charles H. Harris; Sadler, Louis R. (2007). The Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution : the bloodiest decade, 1910–1920 (1. paperbound print. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826334848.
- Utley, Robert M. (2007). Lone star lawmen : the second century of the Texas Rangers ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195154443.
- Martinez, Monica Muñoz (8 September 2014). "Recuperating Histories of Violence in the Americas: Vernacular History-Making on the US–Mexico Border". American Quarterly. 66 (3): 661–689. doi:10.1353/aq.2014.0040. ISSN 1080-6490. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- Onion, Rebecca (5 May 2016). "America's Lost History of Border Violence". Slate. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- Schladen, Marty (16 January 2016). "Museum exhibit explores border's bloody past". El Paso Times. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- "Texas Legislature, Joint Committee of the House and Senate in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force: An Inventory of the Joint Committee of the House and Senate in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force Transcript of Proceedings at the Texas State Archives, 1919". Texas Archival Resources Online. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- Dart, Tom (22 January 2016). "Life and death on the border: effects of century-old murders still felt in Texas". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- Taylor, Steve (17 July 2017). "Canales: Racism in RGV 100 years ago and today". Rio Grande Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- Martinez, Oscar J. (1997). U.S.-Mexico borderlands (2nd ed.). Wilmington DE: Scholarly Resources. pp. 142–147. ISBN 9780842024471.
- Carrigan, William D.; Webb, Clive (2013). Forgotten Dead, Mob Violence Against Mexicans in The United States, 1848–1928. Oxford University Press.
- Weiss, Harold J. (1994). "The Texas Rangers Revisited: Old Themes and New Viewpoints". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 97 (4): 620–640. doi:10.2307/30242465. JSTOR 30242465.