Carrom

Carrom men and one striker, arranged at the start of a game

Carrom is played using small disks of wood or plastic known as carrom men (sometimes abbreviated CM, c.m. c/m, etc.). These pieces, aside from the special queen, may also be known as seeds, coins, pawns (as in chess), or pucks. Carrom men are designed to slide when struck and are made with a smooth surface that slides easily when laid flat on the board. They are struck by a Striker of a standard specification which is larger and heavier. Carrom follows similar "strike and pocket" games, like pool, with its use of rebounds, angles, and obstruction of opponent's carrom pieces.

A carrom set contains 19 pieces (striker not included) in three distinct colours; one for each player, and another for the queen. The usual colours are white (or unstained) and black for the players and red for the queen.

ICF-approved pieces must have a diameter of no more than 3.18  cm and no less than 3.02  cm. The pieces must be between 7 and 9  mm thick. The pieces have a plain, rounded edge. The mass of the pieces must be between 5.0 and 5.5g.

Striker pieces are used to push the carrom men and the queen across the board to the pockets. The carrom striker normally weighs 15 grams.

If the disc goes to the pocket or any kind of foul the opponent can take one coin of foul maker and place anywhere on the board within the middle circle ( while keeping the coin player should first keep the coin on the board after that player can move the coin anywhere in-between the circle without lifting the hand )

The queen

The red disk is called the queen; it is the most valuable piece. During board setup, it is placed at the centre of the circle. In accordance with the ICF rules, pocketing the queen adds 3 points to the player's total score. The dimensions of the queen must be the same as those of other carrom men.[15]

• The player must pocket the queen and subsequently pocket a carrom man of the player's own colour. This is termed covering the queen. If by mistake, a player puts a carrom man of the opposite team in the pocket after "pocketing" the queen, then the queen has to be placed in the centre of the board again.
• If the player fails to pocket a subsequent carrom man, the queen is replaced at the centre of the board.
• If the player pockets his or her opponent's last carrom man before pocketing the queen, then it's a foul.
• If a player puts the queen and a carrom man of the player's own colour in the pocket with one use of the striker, the queen is automatically covered, no matter which went first.

Fine-grained powder is used on the board to enable the pieces to slide easily. Boric acid powder is the most commonly used for this purpose.[16][17] The EU has classified Boric acid as a "Serious Health Hazard" and states that "this substance may damage fertility or the unborn child".[18]

In the UK, many players use a version of anti-set-off spray powder from the printing industry which has specific electrostatic properties with particles of 50 micrometres in diameter. The powder is made from pure, food-grade vegetable starch.

Order of play is determined by the process of "calling the carrom men" or "the toss". Before commencing each match, an umpire hides one black carrom in one hand and one white carrom man on the other hand. The players guess which color carrom man is being held in each hand. The player who guesses correctly wins the toss.

The winner of the toss strikes first, which is called the opening break. The winner of the toss has the option to change sides from white to black and give up the opening break. The winner of the toss may not pass this decision to the other player. If the winner of the toss chooses to change sides then the loser must strike first.

The player taking the first shot (or break) plays white carrom men. The opponent plays black. If that player cannot score any points then that player loses the turn and their opponent can choose to play any carrom man, Black or White in favor.

A successful pot entitles the player to shoot again. This means that, as in pool and snooker, it is possible for a player to pot all his/her pieces and cover the queen from the start of the game without the opponent being given the chance to shoot.

Any player pocketing the queen is required to cover it immediately by pocketing one of their carrom men on the entitlement shot. If after potting the queen the player fails to cover it, then the queen is returned to the center of the table. It is illegal to pot the Queen after the last piece since the queen must always be covered.

Thumbing is allowed by International Carrom Federation which allows the player to shoot with any finger including the thumb (known as "thumbing", "thumbshot", or "thumb hit").

Crossing the diagonal lines on the board by coming in touch with it, pocketing the striker is a foul. A player needs to ensure that his striking hand does not infringe/cross the diagonal lines aerially/physically. A player committing a foul must return one carrom man that was already pocketed.

If a player pockets his striker, he has to pay a penalty. This penalty is usually 10 points.

• Each team or player is assigned a color and can only pocket that color of carrom men.
• Pocketing the queen must be followed by pocketing another coin on the same strike.
• The queen can only be pocketed if the player has already pocketed a carrom man but has not yet pocketed the last carrom man of the player's color as a carrom man must be pocketed to cover it.
• Once the queen is covered, whoever clears all their carrom men first wins the board.
• Queen and cover can be pocketed in the same turn, irrespective of the order they enter the pocket.
• The winner of a board collects one point for each of the opponent's carrom men left at the finish and three points for the queen if covered by the winner (if covered by the loser, no-one gets those points). No more points are collected for the queen after your score reaches 21.
• A game consists of 25 points.
• When placing the striker on the board to shoot, it must touch both baselines, either covering the end circle completely or not touching it at all. The striker may not touch the diagonal arrow line.
• Shooting styles can vary between players, but all shots must involve flicking the striker and not pushing it. While players may orient their bodies for aiming, they must remain seated for the shot.
• Carrom men can be struck directly only if they are not touching the player's baseline or situated behind the baseline. According to the new rule, if the carrom man is behind the baseline, the player can directly hit the carrom man by the carrom striker unlike before we have to strike the carrom men off any side of the carrom board or any other carrom piece on the board but not directly.
• Sinking the striker incurs a penalty of one piece and a loss of turn. If a piece is pocketed in the same shot as the striker that piece is also removed. These pieces are returned to the board in the center circle. If the striker is sunk before any of a player's carrom men, that player must later return a carrom man after sinking to make up for the deficit.
• If while the queen and a carrom man are sunk on the same shot, the queen is considered covered regardless of the order that the pieces entered the pocket.
• If a piece jumps off the board, it is placed on the center spot. If pieces land on end or are overlapping, they are left that way.
• If the center spot is partially covered when replacing the queen or a jumped piece, the piece should cover as much red as possible. If totally covered, the piece is placed opposite the next player behind the red spot.
• One can touch any coin, the player can touch their last piece directly before the queen, No penalty is imposed.
• If a player sinks an opponent's piece, that player loses a turn. If a player sinks an opponent's last carrom man, they lose the board and three points.
• If a player sinks their last piece before the queen, they lose the board, three points and one point for each of their opponent's pieces left.[19]
• If the striker does not leave both lines, the player has another chance. After three tries without leaving the lines the player loses their turn.[19]
• These rules are mostly played in the UK, Sri Lanka, and India.

Point carrom is a variant that is popular with children or an odd number of players. Each player is allowed to pocket carrom men of any colour.

• Carrom men of either colour are assigned 1 point each.
• The queen gives 50 points.
• The black gives 10 points.
• The white gives 20 points.
• To get queen points, one needs to put a carrom man of any colour in the same pocket after the queen on the same or a subsequent strike in the same turn. If the player fails to "cover" the queen in this fashion, the queen is put back in the center of the board.
• The first player to reach 25 points is declared the winner.
• If no player reaches 25 points, the player with the highest points is declared the winner. If the scores are tied, a tie-breaker must be played. Players who are tied select a color and are only allowed to pocket carrom men of the other color on the rebound.

Family-point carrom (also known as simple-point carrom) is an informal variant suitable for an odd number of players. Each player is allowed to pocket carrom men of any color.

• Typically, a black carrom man scores 10 points, and a white scores 20 points
• The queen scores 50 points.
• As in point carrom, the queen must be "covered" pocketing another carrom man in the same pocket on the same or subsequent strike in one's turn.
• With the points system, if one team/player gets queen points early in the game, the opponent still has a good chance to win by earning more points.
• This style of play is widely accepted in many areas of South-East Asia.

• The black carrom men are worth 10 points and the white ones are worth 20 points.
• The queen is assigned 50 points. As in the above two variants, it must have a carrom man pocketed after it.
• To win, a player must receive all the carrom men on the board.
• After the first round, the player or team with the lowest score puts all their carrom men in the center.
• The others must match this score in the center and the players play for the carrom men in the center.
• They repeat this until one team or player has all the carrom men.
• This style of play is widely accepted in many areas of Bangladesh,India and Pakistan.

A popular variant of the game called duboo is played mostly in Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan. In duboo, the size of the board is larger(2.50 x 2.50 feet) and the striker is slid instead of flicked.

American carrom is a variant developed around 1890 in the United States by Christian missionaries to Asia, who brought the game back with them. Concerned with young boys loitering around pool halls (where gambling was common), a Sunday school teacher named Henry L. Haskell altered the game for Western tastes. Much of the game is the same, but the striker's weight is reduced and the carrom men are smaller. Generally, instead of disks, carrom men (including the striker) are rings, originally of wood but today commercially made of light plastic. In addition, as an alternative to using the fingers to flick the striker, some of the American carrom boards use miniature cue sticks. American carrom boards also have pockets built into the corners, rather than circular holes in the board, to make pocketing easier. While traditionally made boards vary widely, current commercially produced American carrom boards, by the Carrom Company of Michigan, are squares measuring 28 inches (71  cm) to a side, are printed with checkerboard and backgammon patterns, among others, and are sold with dice, skittles, etc. to allow other games to be played on the same board. These boards may also be printed with the circular pattern for playing crokinole.

A relatively rare type among Western carrom boards has on the reverse a variant referred to colloquially as a "carrom maze", for an entirely different game. This side of the board, perhaps inspired by miniature golf, features a maze in the form of small plywood walls that restrict the carrom man to defined paths; the objective is to traverse the maze with a single carrom man and reach the end of the maze with the fewest strokes, or to be the first to finish the maze among competitors. Various parts of the maze include difficult-to-navigate corners and traps in the form of visually distinguished areas in which the player's carrom piece must not be caught when coming to rest (or suffer a penalty of extra strokes or forced relocation of the player's carrom to an earlier position). Positive or bonus regions, usually small and hard to target, may offer shortcuts, allowing the player to relocate the carrom piece to a spot nearer the goal and continue, or providing a stroke count reduction, depending on the rules selected.

Carrom was introduced to Japan in the early 20th century. Carrom became popular as tōkyūban (闘球盤, Japanese for 'pounding board', 'fight ball board' or "throw ball board'), but fell in popularity in the Shōwa period. However, carrom is still popular in Hikone, Shiga under the name Hikone Karomu (Hikone carrom). The Hikone carrom board has larger pockets (not unlike those of pichenotte), the discs are arranged in a ring (also like in Pichette), each player is given twelve discs instead of nine, and the queen (known as the "jack") is pocketed last (similar to Eight-ball or Black ball).

A variant of carrom is played in South Africa under the name fingerboard (Afrikaans: vingerbord). The board has larger pockets, the discs are arranged in a ring, each player has ten discs instead of nine, and the queen (known as the "donkey") is pocketed last.((clarify))

Since 2008 there is a Mexican variation called fichapool or colloquially, fichapúl (from Spanish ficha). The men (12 each side) as the strikers, are plastic rings. As the South African fingerboard, it has larger pockets.[20]