Cassini and Catalan identities

Cassini's identity (sometimes called Simson's identity) and Catalan's identity are mathematical identities for the Fibonacci numbers. Cassini's identity, a special case of Catalan's identity, states that for the nth Fibonacci number,

F_{n-1}F_{n+1}-F_{n}^{2}=(-1)^{n}.

Catalan's identity generalizes this:

F_{n}^{2}-F_{n-r}F_{n+r}=(-1)^{n-r}F_{r}^{2}.

Vajda's identity generalizes this:

F_{n+i}F_{n+j}-F_{n}F_{n+i+j}=(-1)^{n}F_{i}F_{j}.

History

Cassini's formula was discovered in 1680 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, then director of the Paris Observatory, and independently proven by Robert Simson (1753).[1] However Johannes Kepler presumably knew the identity already in 1608.[2] Eugène Charles Catalan found the identity named after him in 1879.[1] The British mathematician Steven Vajda (1901–95) published a book on Fibonacci numbers (Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers, and the Golden Section: Theory and Applications, 1989) which contains the identity carrying his name.[3][4] However the identity was already published in 1960 by Dustan Everman as problem 1396 in The American Mathematical Monthly.[1]

Proof by matrix theory

A quick proof of Cassini's identity may be given (Knuth 1997, p. 81) by recognising the left side of the equation as a determinant of a 2×2 matrix of Fibonacci numbers. The result is almost immediate when the matrix is seen to be the $n$ th power of a matrix with determinant −1:

F_{n-1}F_{n+1}-F_{n}^{2}=\det \left[{\begin{matrix}F_{n+1}&F_{n}\\F_{n}&F_{n-1}\end{matrix}}\right]=\det \left[{\begin{matrix}1&1\\1&0\end{matrix}}\right]^{n}=\left(\det \left[{\begin{matrix}1&1\\1&0\end{matrix}}\right]\right)^{n}=(-1)^{n}.

Notes

Thomas Koshy: Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications. Wiley, 2001, ISBN 9781118031315, pp. 74-75, 83, 88
Miodrag Petkovic: Famous Puzzles of Great Mathematicians. AMS, 2009, ISBN 9780821848142, S. 30-31
Douglas B. West: Combinatorial Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2020, p. 61
Steven Vadja: Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers, and the Golden Section: Theory and Applications. Dover, 2008, ISBN 978-0486462769, p. 28 (original publication 1989 at Ellis Horwood)

References

Knuth, Donald Ervin (1997), The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming, 1 (3rd ed.), Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-89683-4

Simson, R. (1753). "An Explication of an Obscure Passage in Albert Girard's Commentary upon Simon Stevin's Works". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 48 (0): 368–376. doi:10.1098/rstl.1753.0056.

Werman, M.; Zeilberger, D. (1986). "A bijective proof of Cassini's Fibonacci identity". Discrete Mathematics. 58 (1): 109. doi:10.1016/0012-365X(86)90194-9. MR 0820846.

External links

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[Koshy-1] Thomas Koshy: Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications. Wiley, 2001, ISBN 9781118031315, pp. 74-75, 83, 88

[2] Miodrag Petkovic: Famous Puzzles of Great Mathematicians. AMS, 2009, ISBN 9780821848142, S. 30-31

[West-3] Douglas B. West: Combinatorial Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2020, p. 61

[4] Steven Vadja: Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers, and the Golden Section: Theory and Applications. Dover, 2008, ISBN 978-0486462769, p. 28 (original publication 1989 at Ellis Horwood)