Castleshaw Roman Fort

The fort at Castleshaw, constructed from turf and timber, was built around 79 and guarded the York to Chester Roman road.[1] Due to the site's protected status as a Scheduled Ancient Monument it has not been possible to excavate the fort, however previous trenches have demonstrated that the fort had two phases to its construction.[6] The location of the fort's granary, stables, the principia (headquarters), the praetorium (commander's tent), and six long narrow buildings which are possibly workshops or storerooms are all known.[6] The fort was small, would probably have been home to around 500 soldiers of an auxiliary cohort,[6] and fell out of use during the mid AD 90s.[1] Rather than allow the defences to fall into potentially hostile hands or be used against Rome, the fort was slighted.

The fort was replaced by a fortlet, also built using turf and timber, in AD 105. Although the fortlet was built on the same site as the fort, it did not use the same foundation trenches.[6] There were two construction phases of the fortlet, the second – dating to c. 120 – featured gates, an oven, a well, a granary, a hypocaust a workshop, barracks, a commanders house, a courtyard building, and possibly a latrine.[7] The barracks were built to accommodate 48 soldiers and even with administrative staff and officers, the garrison of the fortlet would have numbered less than 100.[8] The first phase was laid out along the same lines as the second phase.[7] The fortlet defences – as with most other fortlets – were designed to withstand attacks from brigands or hold off an enemy until reinforcements from the main army could arrive rather than withstand a determined attack.[9] A civilian settlement or vicus grew around the fortlet in the early 2nd century.[8] It probably would have been home to those who benefited from trade with the garrison or hangers on of the soldiers. Since it is unlikely that a garrison of under 100 could have supported a vicus, it has been suggested that the fortlet was a commissary fortlet, one which was the administrative and logistical centre of part of the Roman army.[8][10] With soldiers regularly arriving to collect pay and orders, a vicus could have been supported.[8] The fortlet fell out of use in the mid 120s. The fort and fortlet of Castleshaw were superseded by the neighbouring forts at Manchester and Slack.[11] The vicus was abandoned around the same time as the fortlet fell out of use.[12]

According to Ptolemy, there was a polis called Rigodunum belonging to the Brigantes near the position of Castleshaw.[13] Rigodunum means "royal fort".[14] Although it has been suggested that Castleshaw is the location of the Brigantine settlement, there is no evidence to support this.[13] Stamps on two tegulae, produced at the Roman tilery at Grimescar Wood near Huddersfield, suggest the fortlet was supplied by the Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum from Pannonia, maybe even garrisoned by them at one stage.[15] Similar stamps have been found in the forts at Manchester, Slack, and Ebchester, indicating these forts were linked.[15]

A plan of Castleshaw drawn by Thomas Percival in 1752 showing the fort and the later fortlet

After being abandoned by the Romans, Castleshaw was rediscovered by antiquarian Thomas Percival in 1752. The remains were in good enough condition for him to draw a plan and he commented that he was "pleased to find a double Roman camp". He also remarked that the Roman road from Manchester running east to the Pennines was "the finest remain of a Roman road in England that I ever saw".[4] The site has suffered damage from ploughing in the 18th and 19th centuries as it is situated in one of the best draining areas of the valley.[4] In 1897, a local antiquarian and poet, Ammon Wrigley, dug several trenches on the site. He did not record the results of his digging and unrecorded digs continued on and off until 1907.[16] In 1907, the site was bought for the purpose of organised excavation and survey which continued from 1907 to 1908 under the supervision of Francis Bruton who had recently been involved with the excavation of Mamucium.[17] The spoil heaps from the 1907–08 dig were never levelled, leaving a series of misleading modern earthworks on the interior of the site.[18]

Under the supervision of the University of Manchester, further excavation was undertaken on the site in 1957–61 and 1963–64.[18] Between 1984 and 1988, Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit undertook excavations and restoration of the site. A group led by Professor Barri Jones – an expert on Roman Britain – was set up to co-ordinate the work.[19] North West Water, then the owners of the site, ensured the area would not be used for agriculture. In an attempt to make the site accessible to the public, the outline of the fort and fortlet was marked out in low mounds and an education centre was set up nearby.[19] The area beyond the fort was investigated for the first time in 1995–96; archaeologists were searching for a civilian settlement or vicus associated with the fort.[20] Surveys revealed a settlement triangular in shape and to the south of the fort.[20] The vicus is listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument with the fort and fortlet.[21]