Chôros No. 14

According to the official catalog of the Museu Villa-Lobos, Chôros No. 14 was composed in 1928, but the full score cannot now be located (Villa-Lobos, sua obra 2009, 28). When Villa-Lobos travelled home to Brazil in June 1930 to fulfill some conducting engagements, it was his intention to return to Paris in a few months' time. However, when the Revolution of 1930 brought Getúlio Vargas to power, it became impossible for a time to travel or make payments abroad. As a result, Villa-Lobos was unable to pay the rent on his Paris apartment and he was evicted in absentia. A number of works of art and many manuscripts left behind were never recovered, amongst which are believed to have been the scores of Chôros No. 13 and No. 14 (Wright 1992, 78). The composer published a verbal description of the entire work (Villa-Lobos 1972, 209–10), and another, unpublished document containing musical examples from both Chôros No. 13 and Chôros No. 14 exists (Seixas 2007, 9). While Adhemar Nóbrega accepts this as evidence that these last two compositions in the series were completed (Nóbrega 1975, 129, 132), Lisa Peppercorn doubts either of them ever actually existed (Peppercorn 1991, preface (unpaginated)).

In contrast to the analytical description the composer provided for Chôros No. 13, his note on the Fourteenth Chôros is rather general. He describes it as being "perhaps the most adventurous of the entire series of Choros", and states it was his intention to synthesize all of the preceding works in that series. "One might expect it to represent the simplest and most accurate in technique and form, with respect to the others. On the contrary, this Choros surprises us with its harmonic and thematic complexity, verging almost on a complete and calculated cacophony." The choirs employ mainly nonsense syllables as a text, in order to contribute a colouration of onomatopoeic sounds, using the voices as if they were instruments. In addition, the voices at times "give the impression of quarter tones and a harmonious atmosphere with melodies in a sort of descant". The most arresting feature of the work is its ending where, "after a development of the last stretto performed by almost all of the instruments, a kind of canonical rondo appears and gradually each performer drops out, leaving only the first violin (as soloist) with two long double-stopped notes a minor second apart, dying slowly away until disappearing" (Villa-Lobos 1972, 209).

• Appleby, David. 2002. Heitor Villa-Lobos: A Life (1887–1959). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4149-9.
• Béhague, Gerard. 2001. "Villa-Lobos, Heitor". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.
• Neves, José Maria. 1977. Villa-Lobos, o choro e os choros. São Paulo: Musicália S.A.
• Nóbrega, Adhemar Alves da. 1975. Os chôros de Villa-Lobos. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Villa-Lobos.
• Peppercorn, Lisa M. 1991. Villa-Lobos, the Music: An Analysis of His Style Translated by Stefan De Haan. London: Kahn & Averill; White Plains, NY: Pro/AM Music Resources. ISBN 1-871082-15-3.
• Seixas, Guilherme Bernstein. 2007. “Procedimentos Composicionais nos Choros Orquestrais de Heitor Villa-Lobos”. PhD diss. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Estado de Rio de Janeiro.
• Villa-Lobos, Heitor. 1972. "Choros: Estudo técnico, estético e psicológico", edited in 1950 by Adhemar Nóbrega. In Villa-Lobos, sua obra, second edition, 198–210. Rio de Janeiro: MEC/DAC/Museu Villa-Lobos.
• Villa-Lobos, sua obra. 2009. Version 1.0. MinC / IBRAM, and the Museu Villa-Lobos. Based on the third edition, 1989.
• Wright, Simon. 1992. Villa-Lobos. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315475-7.

• villalobos.iu.edu Villa-Lobos site at Indiana University: Maintained by the Latin American Music Center