Chanyu

Chanyu (simplified Chinese: 单于; traditional Chinese: 單于; pinyin: Chányú) or Shanyu (Chinese: 善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú; lit. 'Tengri's great son'), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.[1] The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Gokturk leaders.

Xiongnu

Etymology

According to Book of Han, "the Xiongnu called the Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí' (撐犁) and they called a child (子) gūtú (孤塗). As for Chányú (單于), it is a "vast [and] great countenance" (廣大之貌)."[2] The term "Chanyu" hence means "great Son of Heaven".

L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.[3] Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢwā, from four roots: *tɨŋgVr- "high", *kwala- "son, child", *tɨl "lower reaches of the Yenisei" or "north", and *qʌ̄j ~ *χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[4][5]

List of Xiongnu Chanyus
NB: Chanyu names do not always obey Chinese convention
Chinese namePinyin / Wade-GilesGuangyunPersonal NameReign
Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于)Tóumàn / t'ou-man240–209 BC
Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于)mòdú / mou-tun[lower-alpha 1]Luandi Modu (攣鞮冒頓 / 挛鞮冒顿)209–174 BC
Laoshang Chanyu (老上單于/老上单于)lǎoshàng / lao-shang174–161 BC
Junchen Chanyu (軍臣單于/军臣单于)jūnchén / chün-ch'en161–126 BC
Yizhixie Chanyu (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于)yīzhìxié / i-chih-hsieh126–114 BC
Wuwei Chanyu (烏維/乌维)114–105 BC
Er Chanyu (兒[lower-alpha 2]單于/儿单于)Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐)105–102/101 BC
Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖)102/101–101/100 BC
Qiedihou (且鞮侯)[lower-alpha 3]101/100–96 BC
Hulugu Chanyu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于)húlùgū / hu-lu-ku96–85 BC
Huyandi Chanyu (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于)húyǎndī / hu-yen-ti85–68 BC
Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于)xūlǘquánqú / hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü68–60 BC
Woyanqudi Chanyu (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于)wòyǎnqúdī / wo-lu-ch'ü-tiTuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂)60–58 BC
Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于)hūhánxié / hu-han-hsiehJihoushan [8]
( 稽侯狦)		58 – 31 BC
Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC
Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC
Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC
Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC
Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC
Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC
Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC
Fuzhulei Ruodi Chanyu [9]
(復株纍若鞮[lower-alpha 4]單于/复株累若鞮单于)		fùzhūléiruòdī/fu-chu-lei-je-tiDiaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)[12]31–20 BC
Souxie Chanyu [13]
(搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于)		Jumixu [14]
(且麋胥)		20–12 BC
Juya Chanyu [15]
(車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于)		Jumoju [16]
(且莫車/攣鞮且莫車)		12–8 BC
Wuzhuliu Chanyu [17] (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于)Nangzhiyasi/Zhi [18]
(囊知牙斯)		8 BC – 13 AD
Wulei Chanyu[19] (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于)Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸)13–18 AD
Huduershidaogao Chanyu [20] (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于)Yu (輿/挛鞮舆)18–46 AD
Wudadihou (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) [21]Wudadi46 AD

Notes
  1. a.k.a. Batur < Baγatur [6]
  2. "underage"[7]
  3. a.k.a. Quidi, Chedihou
  4. 若鞮 (pinyin ruòdī), glossed as "respectful to parents;[10] filial piety"[11] in Hànshū; Pulleyblank reconstructs 若鞮's Early Middle Chinese pronunciation as *njak-tei & instead compares this to Tocharian A ñäkci or Toch. B ñäkc(i)ye "godly, heavenly"

Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)
Chinese nameReignNote
Punu Chanyu (蒲奴)46–? AD
Youliu [22] (優留)?–87 AD
Northern Chanyu (北單于)88–? AD
Yuchujian [23] (於除鞬單于)91–93 AD
Feng-hou (逢侯)94–118 AD

Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)
Chinese nameDataPersonal NameReign
Sutuhu/Bi (蘇屠胡/比)
Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二)
Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮)		brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 5048–56/55 AD
Qiufu Youti/Mo
(丘浮尤提)		55/56–56/57 AD
Yifa Yulüti/Han
(伊伐於慮提)		56/57–59 AD
Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi
(醯僮尸逐侯提)		59–63 AD
Qiuchu Julinti/Su
丘除車林提		63 AD
Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang
(湖邪尸逐侯提)		63–85 AD
Yitu Yulüti/Xuan
(伊屠於閭提/宣)		85–88 AD
Tuntuhe [24] Shulan [25]
Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提)		88–93 AD
Anguo [26](安國)started a large scale rebellion against
the Han		93–94 AD
Shizi [27](師子)
Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提)		94–98 AD
Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀)opposed by...
...Feng Shanyu		98-124AD
98–118 AD
Wujihoushizhudi/Ba
(烏稽尸逐侯提/拔)		???124–127/128 AD
Xiuli (休利)
Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就)[28]		committed suicide under Chinese pressure127/128–140/142?
Cheniu [29]Popularly elected140–143 AD
Toulouchu (兜樓儲) [30]
Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就)		appointed puppet at the Chinese court143–147 AD
Jucheer (居車兒)[31]
Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就)		puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)
Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠特若尸逐就)[32]158–178 AD
Huzheng [33] (呼徵)178–179 AD
Qiangqu
(羌渠)		Jiangqu;[34] killed in Xiuchuge Xiongnu rebellion179–188 AD
Yufuluo
(於扶羅)		a.k.a. Tezhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯).
Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tuge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi.		188–195 AD
Huchuquan (呼廚泉)Yufuluo's brother,[35] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu
after Yufuluo died.		195–?

Da Chanyu (大單于)
Chinese nameDataPersonal NameReign
Liu Bao (劉豹)Yufuluo's son. He changed the Chanyu clan name from Luanti to Liu, the surname of Han emperors.
He bore the title 匈奴單于 but ruled only over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the
Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao		216–260AD
劉(刘)去卑 Liú QùbēiHuchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule
over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as
Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王).		260–272
劉誥升爰 Liú GàoshēngyuánSon of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王272–309
Liu Yuan (劉淵)Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title Xiongnu 匈奴單于 of tribe Yuanhai, so Chinese annals use Yuanhai as his surname [36]309–310
Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú héHan Zhao state, personal name Xuantai 玄泰7 days in 310
Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōngHan Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, personal name Xuanmen 玄門, nickname Zai 載310–318
Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú cànHan Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin, ch. 隱, personal name Shiguang 士光a month and days in 318
Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaòHan Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Hou Zhu 後主, personal name Yongming 永明318–329
Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙Last ruler of Han Zhao; statutory Chanyu, probably never raised to the throne329
Liu Hu 劉虎Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Chanyu329–341
劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng???341–356
劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu???356–358
劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí???358–359
劉衛辰 Liú WèichénPosthumously named "Emperor Huan"359–391
劉勃勃 Liú Bóbóa.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián391–425
赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng???425–428
赫連定 Hèlián DìngLast native ruler of Xiongnu in China428–431

Chanyu family trees
Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees
Southern Xiongnu 南匈奴
Northern Xiongnu 北匈奴
Touman
头曼单于
r.220–209BC
Modu Chanyu
冒顿单于
r.209–174BC
Laoshang
老上单于
r.174–161BC
Junchen
军臣单于
r.161-126BC		daughter
Wife of
Zhao Xin
赵信		Yizhixie
伊稚斜单于
r.126-114BC
涉安侯
於單		Wuwei Chanyu
烏維单于
r.114-105BC		Xulihu
呴犁湖单于
r.102/101–
101/100 BC		Qiedihou
且鞮侯
r.101-96/99?BC
Er
儿单于
r.104-102/101BC		Hulugu
狐鹿姑单于
r.96-85BC		daughter
Wife of
Li Ling 李陵
d.74 BC		左大将左大都尉右谷蠡王
Huyandi
壺衍鞮单于
r.85-68BC		左谷蠡王Xulüquanqu
虚闾权渠单于
r.68-60BC		daughter
Wife of
Li Guangli 李廣利
d.88BC		daughter
Wife of
乌禅幕		Cheli
車犂單于
r.57-56BC		先贤掸
Zhizhi
郅支单于
r.56-36BC		Huhanye
呼韩邪单于
r.58-31BC		右谷蠡王
驹于利受Fuzhulei Ruoti
搜谐若鞮单于
r.31–20BC		Souxie
搜谐若鞮单于
r.20-12BC		Juya
车牙若鞮单于
r.12-8BC		右贤王
卢浑		Wuzhuliu
乌珠留若鞮单于
r.8-13AD		右贤王
铢娄渠堂		右谷蠡王
伊屠智牙师		Wulei
乌累若鞮单于
r.13-18AD		左贤王
乐		Huduershidaogao
呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于
r.18-46AD
醯諧屠奴侯须卜居次
云		须卜单于
当
r.18-21AD		当于居次左祝都韩王
朐留斯侯		右於塗仇撣王
乌夷当		左日逐王
都		右大且
方		左於駼仇掸王
稽留昆		斩将王Shun
顺单于 登
r.11–12		Shun
顺单于 助
r.11		角Wudadihou
乌达鞮侯
r.46		Punu Chanyu
蒲奴
r.46-?
Sutuhu/Huhanxie
呼韓邪
r.48-56/55		右股奴王
乌鞮牙斯		Qiufu Youti
丘浮尤提
r.55/56-56/57		Yifa Yulüti 伊伐於慮提
r.56/57-59
Xitong Shizhu Houti
醢僮尸逐侯提
r.59–63		Huxie Shizhu Houti
湖邪尸逐侯提
r.63–85		Tuntuhe/ Siuan
休兰尸逐侯鞮单于
r.88–93		Qiuchu Julinti
丘除车林鞮单于
r.63		Yitu Yulüti
伊屠於閭鞮單于
r.85–88		Anguo
安国
r.93–94
Shizi
尸逐
r.94–98'		Wanshishizhudi
萬氏尸逐侯提
r.98–124		Wujihoushizhudi
烏稽尸逐侯提
r.124–128		Xiuli
去特若尸逐就
r.127/128–
140/142?		左贤王Feng-hou
逢侯
r.94–118


□
□□□
Tuqi Chanyu
屠耆單于
r.58–56BC		Yilimu Chanyu
伊利目單于
r.49BC		Runzhen Chanyu
閏振單于
r.56-54BC		Huyan Qudi
握衍朐鞮單于
r.60-58BC		Shengzhi
胜之		You Xian wáng
右贤王
都涂吾西姑瞀楼头Aojian wang
奥鞬王


□
Northern Chanyu
北單于
r.89–91AD?		Youliu 優留
r.?–87 AD		Yuchujian 於除鞬單于
r.91–93AD


Jucheer
伊陵尸逐就單于
r.147-158/172; d.172
Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu
屠特若尸逐就單于
r.158/172–178AD
Huzheng
呼徵
r.178–179


?
Qiangqu
羌渠
r.179–188CE		Liu Qubei
劉去卑		Panliuxi
潘六奚
Chizhi Shizhu Hou
持至尸逐侯单于
b.150–d.196; r.188–195		Huchuquan
呼厨泉
r.195–216
?
Tiefu/Xia
state
Liu Bao
刘豹		Liu Qubei 劉去卑 d.272
Tiefu chieftain
r.260–272
Han Zhao
state
Liu Yuan 劉淵 d.310
Guangwen of Han (Zhao)
漢(趙)光文帝 r.304–310		Tiefu/Xia state
rulers family tree
Han Zhao rulers
family tree

See also

References
  1. Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in Russian)
  2. Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
  3. Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21
  4. "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185
  5. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.
  6. Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.
  7. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 46
  8. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 59
  9. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  10. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 107
  11. Pulleyblank, E. G. "Chinese and Indo-Europeans." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1/2 (1966): 9–39. www.jstor.org/stable/25202896.
  12. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  13. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  14. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  15. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  16. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  17. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  18. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 105–107
  20. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 108–109
  21. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  22. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  23. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  24. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  25. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 130–134
  26. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  27. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  28. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  29. R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  30. Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 144
  31. R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  32. Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)
  33. Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145
  34. R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  35. R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  36. Archived 2011-11-30 at the Wayback Machine note 208

Further reading
  • Yap, Joseph P. (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. ISBN 978-1792829154.
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