Charles Ellet Jr.

Daguerreotype of Charles Ellet, Jr.

Ellet was born at Penn's Manor in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. He was the sixth child of fourteen born to Charles Ellet Sr. and Mary Israel.[1] He studied at the Bristol school[2] and worked as a rodman, measuring for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and making drawings.[3] Benjamin Wright promoted him to Assistant Engineer of the Fifth Residency, but in 1830, he resigned to continue his studies in Paris. He studied civil engineering at École nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris.[4]

Both his maternal and paternal grandfathers served in the American Revolutionary War. His father was a Quaker and a descendant of Samuel Carpenter who served as Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania.[4]

His maternal grandfather, Israel Israel, descended from a family of Jewish diamond cutters from Holland and was a member of Pennsylvania's Committee of Safety and a recognized active patriot. His maternal grandmother, Hannah Erwin, was from a Quaker family.

Ellet married Elvira Augusta Stuart Daniel on November 7, 1837 in Lynchburg, Virginia. Her father was Virginia justice William Daniel and her mother was Margaret Baldwin. Her family was one of the First Families of Virginia and owned enslaved persons, although Ellet would not. Judge Daniel's father had served as an ensign during the Revolutionary war under Captain Arda Allen, and his wife's maternal grandfather Dr. Cornelius Baldwin had served as a surgeon for the patriot cause throughout the conflict. The Ellets' Virginia-born daughter, Mary V. Ellet Cabell, helped found the Daughters of the American Revolution and became its member n. 6.[5] His brother Alfred W. Ellet served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War.[6] Their son Charles Rivers Ellet also served as a colonel in the Union Army and commander of the United States Ram Fleet.

Wheeling Suspension Bridge circa 1850

After returning from Europe, he worked on the Utica and Schenectady Railroad and was appointed to conduct a survey of the Western New York section of the New York and Erie Railroad.[7] In 1832 he submitted a proposal to Congress for a suspension bridge across the Potomac River but it was rejected.[8] In 1842, he designed and built the first major wire-cable suspension bridge in the United States, spanning 358 feet over the Schuylkill River at Fairmount, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[9] In 1848, he built the record-breaking Wheeling suspension bridge over the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia with a span over 1,000 feet. In the same year, he erected the first ever suspension bridge over the Niagara Gorge[1] with a 770-foot span.[10]

His supervised construction of the James River and Kanawha Canal in Virginia.[11] From 1846 to 1847, he worked as president of the Schuylkill Navigation Company in Pennsylvania and led improvements to the canal used for transporting anthracite coal.[4] He also constructed railroads in those states. Ellet developed theories for improving flood control and navigation of mid-western rivers.[12] In 1849 he had advocated the use of reservoirs, built in the upper reaches of drainage basins, to retain water from the wet season that could be released during periods of low water to improve navigation;[13] to some degree this also would tend to lessen the level of flooding during high flow.

In 1850, the Secretary of War, conforming to an Act of Congress, directed Ellet to make surveys and reports on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers with a view to the preparation of adequate plans for flood prevention and navigation improvement. His detailed report had considerable influence on later engineering thought and navigation improvements.[14] His Report of the Overflows of the Delta of the Mississippi River helped to reshape New Orlean's waterfront. George Perkins Marsh published Man and Nature fourteen years later, but it was Ellet who first noted in writing that the artificial embankments created an overflowing delta. However, only decades later would his assertions be taken seriously and used in flood control decisions.[15]

An engraving from Harper's Weekly depicting the United States Ram Fleet ships USS Monarch, USS Queen of the West, USS Lioness and USS Switzerland

In September 1854, while travelling overseas, Ellet learned that the 250-ton SS Vesta accidentally rammed and sank the 2,794-ton SS Arctic. This incident convinced Ellet that with the development of steam propulsion, ramming could be a very effective form of naval combat. The Crimean War was underway and Ellet offered his services to Russian government to build a fleet of ram ships to help them defeat the naval blockade in the Black Sea during the Siege of Sebastopol. He received interest from the Russian government but the plans were scrapped after the Russian Czar was assassinated. Ellet became enthusiastic about the possibility of a ram fleet and wrote to the U.S. Navy with his plan but was unable to persuade them of the benefit.[16] He published the pamphlet Coast and Harbor Defenses, or the Substitution of Steam Battering Rams for Ships of War in late 1855, hoping to gain the interest of the public.[17]

When the Civil War broke out, Ellet renewed his advocacy especially in light of the Confederate build up of ram ships. The Confederate forces captured the USS Merrimack at the Norfolk Navy Yard and converted her to a ram ship. Despite being bulky and slow-moving, the Union forces became convinced of the possibility of ram ships when the Merrimack, renamed CSS Virginia, sank the USS Cumberland and USS Congress at Hampton Roads.[3] The Navy still ignored him, but in March 1862, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, familiar with his work on the Wheeling Suspension Bridge among other projects appointed Ellet colonel of engineers, and authorized him to form the United States Ram Fleet on the Mississippi River. The Union Navy's Mississippi River Squadron and the Confederate River Defense Fleet were battling for control of the Mississippi and Stanton believed the Union Navy would benefit from the addition of ram ships.[18] Ellet and the ram fleet were outside of the naval command and reported directly to Stanton.[19]

Ellet purchased the nine fastest river steamboats available on the Ohio River and converted them to rams.[20] Ellet assigned family members as captains of the other rams, including his brother Alfred W. Ellet, his nephew John A. Ellet, and his son Charles Rivers Ellet.[19]

On May 25, Ellet and the ram fleet joined the Mississippi River Squadron, led by Charles H. Davis, on the Mississippi River north of Fort Pillow. Davis had little faith in the effectiveness of the rams but allowed the fleet to accompany his gunboats down the river to Memphis.[19]

Ellet's ram ships helped the Union achieve a decisive victory at the First Battle of Memphis

On June 6, Colonel Ellet led the rams in the Battle of Memphis as captain of USS Queen of the West with his brother Alfred W. in command of the USS Monarch. The Ellets had not coordinated a plan of attack with Davis and when the flotilla approached Confederate forces, the two rams steamed ahead of Davis' gunboats. The Queen of the West rammed and sank the Confederate flagship CSS Colonel Lovell. After the collision, the Queen of the West came under attack from the CSS Sumter and the CSS Beauregard. The attack sheared off one of the paddle wheels from the Queen of the West and forced her to ground on the riverbank. The Monarch rammed and disabled the CSS General Price and forced her to ground on the riverbank also. Ellet sent a boarding party and captured the General Price. Ellet was wounded in the knee by a Confederate sharpshooter during the battle. His wound was the only serious casualty received on the Union side during the battle.[19]

The Confederate forces suffered a severe loss at the Battle of Memphis with heavy casualties and the loss of seven of their eight ships.[19]

Charles Ellet, Jr. gravestone in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia

Ellet refused to consider amputation for his injury.[21] His wound became infected and he died 15 days later of a blood infection[22] in Cairo, Illinois.[23] His body was taken to Independence Hall in Philadelphia, he was given a state funeral[20] and interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery.[24] Command of the ram fleet went to his brother Alfred W. Ellet.[25]

The U.S. Navy named a destroyer to honor the Ellet family. USS Ellet (DD-398) was in service in 1939-46 during World War II.[26]

In 1994, Stanford University received a gift of Ellet's Civil War letters from Elizabeth Ellet Nitz and Frances Ellet Ward. The papers are housed in the Department of Special Collections at Stanford University Library.[27]

On November 6, 1999, the Wheeling, West Virginia chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a commemorative plaque on the western abutment of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge recognizing Ellet's accomplishments and his daughter, Mary Virginia Ellet Cabell's, role in founding the Daughters of the American Revolution.[27]

• An Essay on the Laws of Trade, in Reference to the Works of Internal Improvement in the United States, Richmond: P. D. Bernard, 1839
• A popular exposition of the incorrectness of the tariffs of toll in use on the public improvements of the United States. 1839. Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Co.. Accessed at Haithitrust.
• Exposition of the causes which have conduced to the failure of many railroads in the United States. (1841) Accessed at Haithitrust.
• A Popular Notice of Suspension Bridges, With a Brief Description of the Wire Bridge Across the Schuykill, Fairmount. Philadelphia: John C. Clark & Sons, 1843
• The Position and Prospects of the Schuykill Navigation Company, Philadelphia, 1845
• The Reading Railroad Company. New-York, 1845. Accessed at Haithitrust.
• Contribution to the Physical Geography of the United States. Part 1. Of the Physical Geography of the Mississippi Valley, with Suggestions for the Improvement of Navigation of the Ohio and Other Rivers, Smithsonian Institute, 1849
• Report on a Suspension Bridge Across the Potomac for Rail Road and Common Travel, Philadelphia: John C. Clark, 1852
• Report on the Overflows of the Delta of the Mississippi, Washington: A. Boyd Hamilton, 1852
• The Mississippi and Ohio Rivers: Containing Plans for the Protection of the Delta from Inundation; and Investigations of the Practicality and Cost of Improving the Navigation of the Ohio and Other Rivers by Means of Reservoirs with an Appendix on the Bars at the Mouths of the Mississippi, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Co., 1853
• Subscriptions to Western Railroads, Addressed to the President and Directors of the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company, Philadelphia: John C. Clark & Sons, 1854
• Coast and Harbour Defenses, or the Substitution of Steam Battering Rams for Ships of War, Philadelphia: John C. Clark & Sons, 1855
• The Mountain Top Track: A Description of the Railroad Across the Blue Ridge at Rock Fish Gap in the State of Virginia, Philadelphia: T.K. & P.G. Collins, 1856

• Abbott, John S.C. (1866). Charles Ellet and His Naval Steam Rams. Harper's Magazine, Volume 32.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Crandall, Warren Daniel (1907). History of the Ram Fleet and the Mississippi Marine Brigade in the War for the Union on the Mississippi and its tributaries: the story of the Ellets and their men. Press of the Buschart Brothers.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Fowler, William M. (1990). Under Two Flags: The American Navy in the Civil War. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-196-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hearn, Chester G. (2000). Ellet's Brigade: The Strangest Outfit of All. LSU Press. ISBN 0-8071-2559-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Joiner, Gary D. (2007). Mr. Lincoln's Brown Water Navy - The Mississippi Squadron. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7425-5097-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Lewis, Gene D. (1968). Charles Ellet Jr.: The Engineer as Individualist. University of Illinois Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mahmoud, Khaled M. (2015). Sustainable Bridge Structures. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3588-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• McPherson, James M. (2012). War on the Waters: The Union and Confederate Navies, 1861-1865. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-138-02878-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Shea, John Gilmary (1872). A Child's History of the United States, Volume 3. McMenamy, Hess & Co.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Stuart, Charles Beebe (1871). Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers of America. D. Van Nostrand. ISBN 9780608399065.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Tomblin, Barbara Brooks (2016). The Civil War on the Mississippi: Union Sailors, Gunboat Captains, and the Campaign to Control the River. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6703-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

• Bell, Christopher Ross. "Charles Ellet Jr., and the theory of optimal input choice." History of Political Economy 18.3 (1986): 485-495.
• Ekelund, Robert B., and Donald L. Hooks. "Ellet, Dupuit, and Lardner: On Nineteenth Century Engineers and Economic Analysis." Nebraska Journal of Economics and Business (1973): 43-52.
• Kemp, Emory Leland. (1999), "The Wheeling Suspension Bridge: A Pictorial Heritage." Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, ISBN 978157510061

• Charles Ellet, Jr. Papers, University of Michigan Library
• Guide to the Ellet Family Papers, Stanford University

Media related to Charles Ellet Jr. at Wikimedia Commons