Charles Richard Whitfield

Charles Richard Whitfield FRCOG, FRCP(G) (21 October 1927 – 13 September 2018) was a Northern Irish obstetrician and gynaecologist who was a pioneer of maternal-fetal (perinatal) medicine. His primary interest was in fetal medicine, a branch of obstetrics and gynaecology that focuses on the assessment of the development, growth and health of the baby in the womb. He was also an early proponent of subspecialisation within the fields of obstetrics and gynaecology, a practice that is common today.

Charlie Whitfield
Charles Whitfield in his office at the Queen Mother's Hospital in Glasgow
Born
Charles Richard Whitfield

(1927-10-21)21 October 1927
Secunderabad, British India
Died13 September 2018(2018-09-13) (aged 90)
Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
NationalityBritish
EducationQueen's University Belfast
OccupationObstetrician and gynaecologist
Years active42

He was Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow from 1976 until his retirement in 1992.[1]

Early life and education

Charlie Whitfield was born in 1927 to Charles and Aileen Whitfield in Secunderabad, India, where his father, himself an obstetrician and gynaecologist, was serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). He attended Cabin Hill School and Campbell College Belfast 1942–1945, where he represented the school at Rugby Football, Cricket and Shooting 1944–1945 and was secretary of the Debating Society 1944–1945.[2] He subsequently took a degree in medicine at Queen’s University Belfast where he graduated MB BCh BAO in 1950. In 1953 he married Marion Douglas McKinney in Belfast.[3]

Career

Whitfield began his career with resident appointments in the Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1951–1953. He then served in the RAMC 1953–1964 as junior and senior specialist in obstetrics and was posted to David Bruce Royal Naval Hospital Mtarfa, Malta 1954–1957, Louise Margaret Hospital, Aldershot 1957–1959, BMH (British Military Hospital) Colchester 1959–1960, and BMH Singapore 1960–1963. He left the army in 1964 having reached the rank of lieutenant colonel.[4][5]

Belfast, electronic fetal monitoring and rhesus disease

Whitfield returned to Northern Ireland as senior lecturer in midwifery and gynaecology, Queen’s University Belfast, and honorary consultant, Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1964–1968. He was made MD in 1965. He later became consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1968–1974 and honorary reader, Queen’s University Belfast 1971–1974.

In 1964 he was granted an honorary attachment to the department of Ian Donald, the medical ultrasound pioneer from Glasgow, whom he would later succeed.[6]:62 Whitfield was then awarded the United States Public Health Service Research Fellowship under Edward H. Hon at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, and Stanley T. Lee at the Loma Linda University Medical Centre, California 1964–1965.[7] He returned to Belfast where he was the first to practice Hon's electronic fetal heart rate monitoring methods.[8]

This was a period of change in his field, when obstetricians "gradually changed their motto from that of Masterly Inactivity to that of Active Intervention".[8] Whitfield later reflected on this period, comparing the plight of the fetus, the "second patient", to that of the early astronauts:

"The fetus was, of course, the subject that was really exercising most of us, and of our two patients, it is the one that, generally speaking, is at most danger. And this was at a time when astronauts were beginning to go up in the sky and ... they were able to stick transducers on the astronauts so nobody ever had to ask them what they were doing, or how they were feeling, and they didn’t even need to take pictures of them. In the meantime, here was the fetus and all we could do was listen to its heartbeat and try to feel its outline".[6]:62

He concluded, "it was now that fetal phonocardiography and electrocardiography and ultrasound became the parents of real fetal medicine".[6]:62

Whitfield concentrated on research into the management of pregnancies affected by Rhesus haemolytic disease,[9][10] a condition that affected 15% of all admissions to Belfast's Royal Maternity Hospital at one time.[8] Assessing the severity of cases through the analysis of amniotic fluid, he developed his Action Line method 1968[11][12]:97 to determine the timing of necessary intervention either by premature induced delivery or by fetal transfusion. The Action Line method resulted in striking reductions in both fetal mortality and prematurity in Rhesus-affected pregnancies.[13]

Glasgow and ultrasound

After a short spell as Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Manchester and Honorary Consultant at the University Hospital of South Manchester 1974–1976, Whitfield took up his final position as Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow[1] and Honorary Consultant at the Queen Mother's Hospital and Western Infirmary 1976, succeeding Ian Donald with whom he had first worked 12 years previously. He was made FRCS(G) in 1977 and retired Emeritus Regius Professor of Midwifery (Glasgow) in 1992.[6]:61[1]

The use of ultrasound in medicine was pioneered by Donald, first at Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and subsequently at Glasgow's new maternity hospital, the Queen Mother's Hospital (QMH), which opened in 1964. Developments in ultrasound complemented Whitfield's own research interests in fetal medicine but was still regarded with scepticism in some quarters.[6]:63–64 Whitfield had more success in gaining acceptance for obstetric ultrasound than Donald himself, who was sometimes viewed as an obsessive eccentric. As he recalled, "an honorary attachment with Professor Donald in Glasgow in 1964 had convinced me that obstetric ultrasound did have a future, but later in that year in America I was told it was just a dream of a mad, red-headed Scotsman, so I should forget it! I was told confidentially, nothing, no good will come of it, but of course that was wrong".[6]:62

By the end of the 1980s, 87% of pregnant women in Scotland would undergo at least one ultrasound scan during the course of their pregnancy,[14]:2 a task increasingly undertaken by midwives (as opposed to doctors or radiologists), an innovation first introduced at QMH.[14]:218–219

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG)

Throughout his career, Whitfield played an active role in the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). He became a Member (MRCOG) in 1959, a Fellow (FRCOG) in 1969, was a member of the Gynaecological Visiting Society (GVS) and a member of RCOG Council 1985–1991. He gave the William Blair-Bell memorial lecture entitled "Obstetric Sprue" in 1969.[15] Whitfield embarked on two travelling assignments on behalf of the college: the Bernhard Baron Travelling Fellowship to the United States in 1974, and the Sims Black Travelling Professorship to Thailand and Bangladesh in 1985.

He served on numerous College committees, boards and working parties. Principal among these was his role as chairman of the Working Party on Subspecialisation, which published its report in 1982.[16] The working party recommended a less formal approach to subspecialisation whereby generalists could develop an interest in a subspecialty field without undertaking full training. Many in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology had to be convinced of the merits of these recommendations. To that end Whitfield, along with members of the working party, embarked on a tour of the country to convince the doubters. Their success in this venture led to the formation of the RCOG Subspecialty Committee 1984 which, to this day, advises on the development of subspecialisation in the four fields of gynaecological oncology, reproductive medicine, maternal and fetal medicine, and urogynaecology.[17]

Editorships
  • Medical Disorders in Pregnancy 1977.[18]
  • Dewhurst’s Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Undergraduates, 4th and 5th editions 1986 and 1995.[19][20]

References
  1. "Charles Whitfield". University of Glasgow Story. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  2. "Campbell College Register 1894 – 1954". Lennon Wylie. 1954. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  3. Miller, Alistair (13 December 2018). "Obituary: C R Whitfield, professor of midwifery known for his pioneering work in fetal medicine".
  4. Bonnici, Walter (October 2017). "Whitfield Charles Richard". Medical Officers of the Malta Garrison.
  5. Peterkin A, Johnston W, Drew R (1960). Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army, 1660-1960: Vol II Roll of officers in the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1898-1960s. Wellcome Historical Medical Library. p. 536.
  6. Tansey EM, Christie DA (2000). Looking at the unborn: historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine Series. 5. Wellcome Trust. ISBN 978-1-8412-9011-9.
  7. Whitfield CR (1966). "Foetal heart rate monitoring – present lessons and future developments". Ulster Medical Journal. 35 (1): 75–82. PMC 2384945. PMID 5950949.
  8. O'Sullivan JF (2006). "Two hundred years of midwifery 1806 – 2006". Ulster Medical Journal. 75 (3): 213–222. PMC 1891762. PMID 16964815.
  9. Whitfield CR (1976). "Rhesus haemolytic disease". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 10: 54–62. doi:10.1136/jcp.29.Suppl_10.54. PMC 1347154. PMID 823179.
  10. Zallen DT, Christie DA, Tansey EM (2004). The rhesus factor and disease prevention (PDF). Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine Series. 22. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. ISBN 978-0-85484-099-1.
  11. Whitfield CR (December 1968). "Prediction in rhesus iso-immunisation by the Action Line method". British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 75 (12): 1219. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1968.tb02922.x. S2CID 73322820.
  12. O'Sullivan JF (1983). "The Rhesus story in Northern Ireland". Ulster Medical Journal. 52 (2): 94–100. PMC 2385939. PMID 6442478.
  13. Whitfield CR (December 1970). "A three-year assessment of an Action Line method of timing intervention in rhesus isoimmunization". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 108 (8): 1239–1244. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90099-2. PMID 4991662.
  14. Nicholson D (2003). Secrets of success: the development of obstetric ultrasound in Scotland, 1963-1990 (PhD Thesis). Centre for the History of Medicine, University of Glasgow. p. 336.
  15. Whitfield CR (1970). "Obstetric sprue". British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 77 (7): 577–586. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1970.tb03573.x. PMID 5433476. S2CID 221486205.
  16. Whitfield CR, RCOG Working Party on Further Specialisation within Obstetrics and Gynaecology (1982). Report of the RCOG Working Party on Further Specialisation within Obstetrics and Gynaecology. RCOG/M12.
  17. Merril JA (March 1987). "(Sub)Specialization in obstetrics and gynecology: Results of a survey by The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 156 (3): 550–557. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(87)90048-2. PMID 3826198.
  18. Whitfield CR, ed. (1977). Medical Disorders in Pregnancy. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  19. Whitfield CR, ed. (1986). Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Post Graduates (4 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0632013692.
  20. Whitfield CR, ed. (1995). Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Post Graduates (5 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-6320-3099-6.
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