British Military Hospital, Singapore

A plaque commemorating the massacre and expanding on the hospital's history after the war.

On 14 February 1942, Japanese Imperial Forces advanced through Kent Ridge down Pasir Panjang Road to the Alexandra Road Military Hospital. The British 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade retreated west through the Hospital.[6] They set up machine guns on the first and second floors to cover their retreat. A lieutenant carried a Red Cross brassard and a white flag to meet the Japanese troops, and announce surrender of non-combatants in the hospital, but was killed immediately.

Among the patients in the Hospital were crew members who were survivors of Force Z, comprising HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse (nicknamed the Plymouth Argylls) which were sunk by Japanese torpedo bombers off the coast of Kuantan, Pahang, on 10 December 1941.[7]

Japanese troops of the 18th Division[8] rushed into the wards and operating theatres and bayoneted a total of 250 patients and staff members. Before they could repeat their brutalities in other wards, an officer ordered them to assemble in the Hospital grounds. The troops, however, removed about 400 patients and staff and locked them up in a small fetid room nearby, reminiscent of the Black Hole of Calcutta. Many died from suffocation. The next afternoon a cell door burst open under mortar fire and some men staggered out but many were mown down by Japanese machine-gun fire. Those who escaped were thought to include Privates SWJ Hoskins and FAH Gurd, Captain R de Warrenne Waller and Medical Corporal GW Johnson.[9] Other survivors were taken out in small groups and shot.[10] The bodies were buried in a mass grave. The Japanese claimed that some Indian troops had fired on them from the Hospital grounds.[11] The area was a major Japanese objective because it also contained the British army's biggest ammunition dump[12] and Alexandra Barracks.

Walter Salmon of the Royal Signals, wounded by a mortar bomb, was hospitalised on the top floor and had come to the canteen. He witnessed some of the massacre. Several men, including George Britton of the East Surrey Regiment, had been moved from the upstairs ward to the dining room and were in makeshift beds under the dining table. Pte Britton later described how the Japanese rushed in, taking all the bread piled on the table. But although the orderly was marched out and bayoneted, those on the floor were ignored. They were left for 3 days with no food or water before being moved to Changi POW camp, on wheelbarrows, carts or anything that had wheels, no motorised vehicles being available.[13]

In 2008 a four-page account of the massacre, written by Private Haines of the Wiltshire Regiment, was sold by private auction. Reg Twigg, in his book Survivor on the River Kwai,[14] mentions a short video recording made by another survivor of the massacre, Fred Shenstone, of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment, and others, which forms part of a permanent exhibition in the Museum of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment Gallery of the Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester.

Other surviving staff and patients of the hospital were eventually transferred to the Roberts Barracks where their command was taken over by Colonel Glyn White of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps.[15] It remains unclear just how many survived the massacre but it cannot have been more than a handful. These included George Britton, Walter Salmon, Fred Shenstone, Arthur Haines, Fergus Anckorn, and perhaps those mentioned above, who managed to escape from the cell under mortar fire. In a Forces TV news interview Fergus Anckorn[16] claimed to be the only survivor but he was mistaken.

After the Japanese Surrender in 1945, a book was kept in the Hospital. It contained the names of the victims who were massacred by the Japanese. The present location of the book is not known.

After World War II up to the 1970s, the Alexandra remained as one of the most modern hospitals in Singapore, and is now a part of the National University of Singapore Medical School.[17]

The Alexandra Hospital was also renowned for some of the well-known medical experts including:

• Sir Roy Calne, an international renowned transplant surgeon
• Sir David Weatherall, Regius professor of medicine and honorary director of the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at Oxford University

• Partridge, Jeff, Alexandra Hospital: From British Military to Civilian Institution, 1938–1998, Alexandra Hospital and Singapore Polytechnic, 1998 ISBN 981-04-0430-1
• Lim, Patricia Pui Huen, Wong, Diana, War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000
• Faucher, Carole, As the wind blows and dew comes down: Ghost stories and collective memory in Singapore, in Beyond Description: Singapore Space Historicity, Ryan Bishop, John Phillips, Wei-Wei Yeo, Routledge, Singapore, 2004
• Sagar Coulter, Jack Leonard, The Royal Naval Medical Service, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1954
• Khoo, Fun Yong, X-rays in Singapore, 1896–1975, National University of Singapore Press, 1981
• Harrison, Mark, Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War, Oxford University Press, 2004
• Owen, Frank, The Fall of Singapore, M. Joseph Publisher, 1960
• Middlebrook, Martin, Mahoney, Patrick, Battleship: The Loss of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse, Allen Lane, 1977
• Thompson, Chuck, The 25 Best World War II Sites: Pacific Theater, AS Davis Media Group, 2002
• Fernandez, George J., Successful Singapore: A Tiny Nation's Saga from Founder to Accomplisher, SSMB Pub. Division, 1992
• Barber, Noel, Sinister Twilight: The Fall and Rise Again of Singapore, Collins, 1968

• Donald C Bowie, Captive Surgeon in Hong Kong: The Story of the British Military Hospital, In: Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 15, 1975: 150–290.

• IWM Interview with Richard Gwillim, who survived the Alexandra Hospital massacre