Cheval de frise

The cheval de frise (plural: chevaux de frise [ʃə.vo də fʁiz], "Frisian horses") is a defensive obstacle, which existed in a number of forms and were employed in various applications. These included underwater constructions used to prevent the passage of ships or other vessels on rivers, or as anti-cavalry measure consisting of a portable frame (sometimes just a simple log) covered with many projecting long iron or wooden spikes or spears.[1] They were principally intended as an anti-cavalry obstacle but could also be moved quickly to help block a breach in another barrier. They remained in occasional use until they were replaced by wire obstacles just after the American Civil War. During the Civil War, the Confederates used this type of barrier more often than the Union forces.[2] During World War I, armies used chevaux de frise to temporarily plug gaps in barbed wire.[3][4] Barbed wire chevaux de frise were used in jungle fighting on the South Pacific islands during World War II.

Not to be confused with Friesian horse.
This article is about the defense measure. For the community in the United States, see Chevaux De Frise, West Virginia.

The term is also applied to defensive works on buildings. This includes a series of closely set upright stones found outside the ramparts of Iron Age hillforts in northern Europe, [5] or iron spikes outside homes in Charleston, South Carolina.[6]

Chevaux de frise at the Confederate Fort Mahone defenses at Siege of Petersburg
The "knife rest" or "Spanish rider" is a modern wire obstacle functionally similar to the cheval de frise, and sometimes called that.

Etymology
Chevaux de frise, according to the later use of the term, could include broken glass studding the top of a wall in a nineteenth-century fort.

In French, cheval de frise means "Frisian horse".[7][8] The Frisians fought predominantly using cavalry;[9] they were known for being formidable horsemen, and Frisian horses were renowned for their strength and agility. Therefore, for defense they relied heavily on anti-cavalry obstacles. The Dutch also adopted the use of these defensive devices when at war with Spain. The term cheval de frise came to be used for any spiked obstacle, such as broken glass embedded in mortar at the top of a wall.

The cheval de frise was adopted in New York and Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War as a defensive measure installed on rivers to prevent upriver movement by enemy ships.

American Revolutionary War

During the American Revolutionary War, Robert Erskine designed an anti-ship version of the cheval-de-frise to prevent British warships from proceeding up the Hudson River. A cheval de frise was placed between Fort Washington at northern Manhattan and Fort Lee in New Jersey in 1776. The following year construction began on another one to the north of West Point at Pollepel Island, but it was overshadowed by the completion of the Hudson River Chain across the Hudson in 1778, which was used through 1782.

Hessian map showing the placement of chevaux de frise in the Delaware River in 1777
Outline showing the structure of a Cheval de frise for river use:
Illustration A: Side view;
Illustartion B: Top view

Similar devices planned by Ben Franklin and designed by Robert Smith[10] were used in the Delaware River near Philadelphia, between Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer.[11] Two other lines of chevaux-de-frise were also placed across the Delaware River at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania and Fort Billingsport, New Jersey as a first line of defense for Philadelphia against the British naval forces.[12]

A cheval de frise was retrieved from the Delaware River in Philadelphia on November 13, 2007, in excellent condition, after more than two centuries in the river.[13] In November 2012, a 29-foot (9 m) spike from a cheval-de-frise was recovered from Delaware off Bristol Township; it was also believed to be from the Revolutionary era installation at Philadelphia and freed up by Hurricane Sandy earlier that fall.[14]

Legacy

A small promontory on the north-east Essex coast in the United Kingdom (UK), between Holland Haven and Frinton-on-Sea, was named Chevaux de Frise Point.[15]

References
  1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chevaux-de-Frise" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
  2. Mahan, Peter, Chevaux-de-frise, NPS.
  3. Thomas Boyd (1923). Through the Wheat. University of Nebraska Press, 2000. pp. 226. ISBN 0-8032-6168-3.
  4. https://web.archive.org/web/20080517184133/http://www.1914-1918.net/Diaries/wardiary-2msex.htm
  5. Timothy Darvill (2002). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953404-3.
  6. "Miles Brewton House". scpictureproject.org. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  7. Chevaux de Frise, Charleston footprints, 2011-02-24.
  8. Friesian horse.
  9. http://www.thefriesianempire.com/friesianhistory.html
  10. Roberts, Robert B. (1988). Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States. New York: Macmillan. pp. 505–506. ISBN 0-02-926880-X.
  11. Lossing, "III", Field Book of the Revolution, II, Roots web.
  12. "The Plank House". www.marcushookps.org. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  13. "Revolutionary War Artifact from the Depths of the Delaware River". Independence Seaport Museum. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  14. Elizabeth Fisher, "SANDY STIRS UP HISTORY: Revolutionary War spike pulled from the river depths in Bristol", Bristol Pilot, 21 November 2012, accessed 15 May 2014
  15. "Chevaux de frise Point in Essex".
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