Christopher Báthory

Christopher was the third of the four sons of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó and Catherine Telegdi.[1][2] His father was a supporter of John Zápolya, King of Hungary, who made him voivode of Transylvania in February 1530.[2] Christopher was born in Báthorys' castle at Szilágysomlyó (now Șimleu Silvaniei in Romania) in the same year.[3] His father died in 1534.[4]

His brother, Andrew, and their kinsman, Tamás Nádasdy, took charge of Christopher's education.[3] Christopher visited England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in his youth.[2][3] He also served as a page in Emperor Charles V's court.[3]

Christopher entered the service of John Zápolya's widow, Isabella Jagiellon, in the late 1550s.[3] At the time, Isabella administered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her son, John Sigismund Zápolya.[5] She wanted to persuade Henry II of France to withdraw his troops from three fortresses that the Ottomans had captured in Banat, so she sent Christopher to France to start negotiations in 1557.[2][3]

John Sigismund took charge of the administration of his realm after his mother died on 15 November 1559.[6][7] He retained his mother's advisors, including Christopher who became one of his most influential officials.[7] After the rebellion of Melchior Balassa,[6] Christopher persuaded John Sigismund to fight for his realm instead of fleeing to Poland in 1562.[3] Christopher was one of the commanders of John Sigismund's troops during the ensuing war against the Habsburg rulers of the western territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ferdinand and Maximilian, who tried to reunite the kingdom under their rule.[2][6] Christopher defeated Maximilian's commander, Lazarus von Schwendi, forcing him to lift the siege of Huszt (now Khust in Ukraine) in 1565.[2]

After the death of John Sigismund, the Diet of Transylvania elected Christopher's younger brother, Stephen Báthory, voivode (or ruler) on 25 May 1571.[8] Stephen made Christopher captain of Várad (now Oradea in Romania).[2] The following year, the Ottoman Sultan, Selim II (who was the overlord of Transylvania), acknowledged the hereditary right of the Báthory family to rule the province.[8]

Principality of Transylvania in 1570

Stephen Báthory was elected King of Poland on 15 December 1575.[8] He adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Christopher voivode on 14 January 1576.[2][9] An Ottoman delegation confirmed Christopher's appointment at the Diet in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania) in July.[3][10] The sultan's charter (or ahidnâme) sent to Christopher emphasized that he should keep the peace along the frontiers.[11] Stephen set up a separate chancellery in Kraków to keep an eye on the administration of Transylvania.[12][13] The head of the new chancellery, Márton Berzeviczy, and Christopher cooperated closely.[3]

Anti-Trinitarian preachers began to condemn the worshiping of Jesus in Partium and Székely Land in 1576, although the Diet had already forbade all doctrinal innovations.[14] Ferenc Dávid, the most influential leader of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, openly joined the dissenters in the autumn of 1578.[15] Christopher invited Fausto Sozzini, a leading Anti-Trinitarian theologian, to Transylvania to convince Dávid that the new teaching was erroneous.[8] Since Dávid refused to obey, Christopher held a Diet and the "Three Nations" (including the Unitarian delegates) ordered Dávid's imprisonment.[8][16] Christopher also supported his brother's attempts to strengthen the position of the Roman Catholic Church in Transylvania.[3][8] He granted estates to the Jesuits to promote the establishment of a college in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) on 5 May 1579.[17]

Christopher fell seriously ill after his second wife, Elisabeth Bocskai, died in early 1581.[3] After a false rumor about Christopher's death reached Istanbul, Koca Sinan Pasha proposed Transylvania to Pál Márkházy whom Christopher had been forced into exile.[18] Although Christopher's only surviving son Sigismund was still a minor, the Diet elected him as voivode before Christopher's death, because they wanted to prevent the appointment of Márkházy.[2][3][18] Christopher died in Gyulafehérvár on 27 May 1581.[2] He was buried in the Jesuits' church in Gyulafehérvár, almost two years later, on 14 March 1583.[3]

Christopher's first wife, Catherina Danicska, was a Polish noblewoman, but only the Hungarian form of her name is known.[3][19] Their eldest son, Balthasar Báthory, moved to Kraków shortly after Stephen Báthory was crowned King of Poland;[19] he drowned in the Vistula River in May 1577 at the age of 22.[19] Christopher's and Catherina's second son, Nicholas, was born in 1567 and died in 1576.[1]

Christopher's second wife, Elisabeth Bocskai, was a Calvinist noblewoman.[20] Their first child, Cristina (or Griselda), was born in 1569.[20] She was given in marriage to Jan Zamoyski, Chancellor of Poland, in 1583.[21] Christopher's youngest son, Sigismund, was born in 1573.[1]