Church of Norway

The Church of Norway (Den norske kirke in Bokmål and Den norske kyrkja in Nynorsk) is an evangelical Lutheran denomination of Protestant Christianity and by far the largest Christian church in Norway.[2] The church became the state church of Norway around 1020[3] and was established as a separate church intimately integrated with the state as a result of the Lutheran reformation in Denmark–Norway that broke ties with the Holy See in 1536–1537; the King of Norway was the church's head from 1537 to 2012. Historically the church was one of the main instruments of royal power and official authority, and an important part of the state administration; local government was based on the church's parishes with significant official responsibility held by the parish priest. In the 19th and 20th centuries it gradually ceded most administrative functions to the secular civil service. The modern Constitution of Norway describes the church as the country's "people's church" and requires the King of Norway to be a member.[4][5][6][7][8] It is by far the largest church in Norway; until the mid 19th century the state church had a near-total monopoly on religion in Norway; it was the only legal church in Norway, membership was mandatory for every person residing in the kingdom and it was forbidden for anyone else than the official priests of the state church to authorise religious meetings; after the adoption of the 1845 Dissenter Act, the state church retained its legally privileged position, while minority religious congregations such as Catholics were allowed to establish themselves in Norway, legally termed "dissenters" (i.e. from the government-sanctioned Lutheran state religion).[9][2] Church employees were civil servants from the Reformation until 2017, when the church became a legal entity separate from the state administration. The church of Norway is mentioned specifically in the constitution and is subject to the Church Act. Municipalities are required by law to support activities of parishes and to maintain church buildings and church yards. Other religious communities are entitled to the same level of government subsidies as the Church of Norway.[10]

"Norwegian Church" redirects here. For other uses, see Norwegian Church (disambiguation).
For church buildings, see Churches in Norway.

Church of Norway
Coat of arms of the Church of Norway, a cross laid over two St. Olaf's axes. Based on the coat of arms of 16th century archbishops of Nidaros.
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationEvangelical Lutheranism
TheologyLutheranism
PolityEpiscopal
PresesOlav Fykse Tveit of Nidaros
Associations
RegionNorway
Origin
Separated fromRoman Catholic Church
SeparationsNordic Catholic Church (1999)
Members3,686,715 (2019)[1]

Overview

Norway was gradually Christianized beginning at the end of the Early Middle Ages and was part of Western Christianity, acknowledging papal authority until the 16th century. The then Roman Catholic Church exercised a significant degree of sovereignty in Norway and essentially shared power with the King of Norway as the secular ruler. The Lutheran reformation in Denmark–Norway in 1536–1537 broke ties with the Holy See, around two decades after the start of the Protestant Reformation. It later resulted in the separation of the Catholic Church dioceses in Norway and throughout Scandinavia and establishment of a state church intimately integrated with the state and completely subject to royal authority, with the King as Head of the Church on Earth instead of being headed by the Pope/Bishop of Rome. This action followed the example set earlier in the foundation of the Church of England (Anglican Church) by the intense political action and requests for an annulment by King Henry VIII. This Anglican Church was followed in centuries later by a worldwide movement of the Anglican Communion which later recognized in the 20th and 21st century and declared intercommunion with several other denominations such as the Lutherans, Presbyterians, Reformed, Methodists, etc. Until the modern era, the Church of Norway was not only a religious organisation but also one of the most important instruments of royal power and official authority, and an important part of the state administration, especially at the local and regional levels.

The church professes to be "truly Catholic, truly Reformed, truly Evangelical" in the Evangelical Lutheran tradition of Western Christian faith, with its foundation on the Bible's Old and New Testaments and occasionally including the Apocrapha, along with the three historic creeds of faith in the Apostles', Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, Luther's Small Catechism, Luther's Large Catechism, the Smalcald Articles and the Augsburg Confession of 1530, (presented to Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire at the Diet (synod / parliament) in Augsburg that year.) All of which these statements of faith along with several other seminal documents in the Book of Concord: Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church presented in 1580. All Evangelical Lutheran clergy (bishops, priests/pastors, deacons and other ministers) along with the teaching in classes for Rite of Confirmation for young people and those considering full adult membership are required to read and understand with clergy swearing faithfulness in their Ordination. The church is a member of the Porvoo Communion with 12 other churches, among them, the Anglican churches of Europe. It has also signed some other ecumenical texts, including the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification with the Roman Catholic Church.

As of 2017 the church is legally independent of the government. According to the constitution it serves as the "people's church" in the Kingdom of Norway.[4][5][6][7][11] Until 1969, the church's name for administrative purposes was simply the "State Church" or sometimes just "the Church", whereas the constitution described it as the "Evangelical-Lutheran Church". A constitutional amendment of 21 May 2012 designates the church as "Norway's people's church" (Norges Folkekirke), with a new provision that is almost a verbatim copy of the provision for the Danish state church (folkekirken) in the Constitution of Denmark; the Minister of Church Affairs Trond Giske stressed that the reform meant that "the state church is retained",[4] On 27 May 2016 Stortinget (Parliament of Norway) approved a new legislative act to establish the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity rather than a branch of the civil service, and the law took effect on 1 January 2017.[12][13][14] The church remains state funded.[15]

Organization
Dioceses of the Church of Norway
Bakka kyrkje in Aurland, Sogn, Norway
Førde kyrkje, Førde, Norway

State and church

Until 1845 the Church of Norway was the only legal religious organization in Norway and it was not possible to end membership in the Church of Norway. "Dissenterloven" (Lov angaaende dem, der bekjende sig til den christelige Religion, uden at være medlemmer af Statskirken) was an act approved by the Storting on 16 July 1845 that allowed the establishment of alternative religious bodies.[16][17][18] This act was in 1969 replaced by Lov om trudomssamfunn og ymist anna.[19]

Until 2012 the constitutional head of the church was the King of Norway, who is obliged to profess himself a Lutheran. After the constitutional amendment of 21 May 2012, the church is self-governed with regard to doctrinal issues and appointment of clergy.

The Church of Norway was subject to legislation, including its budgets, passed by the Storting, and its central administrative functions were carried out by the Royal Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs until the 2017. Bishops and priests were civil servants also after the 2012 constitutional reform. Each parish has an autonomous administration. The state itself does not administer church buildings; buildings and adjacent land instead belong to the parish as an independent public institution.[20] The Minister of Church Affairs, Trond Giske, was responsible for proposing the 2012 amendments, explaining that "the state church is retained".[4]

An act approved in 2016 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017.[21][22]

Structure

The church has an episcopal-synodal structure, with 1,284 parishes, 106 deaneries, 11 dioceses and since 2 October 2011, one area under the supervision of the Preses. The dioceses are, according to the rank of the five historic sees and then according to age:

Diocese Founded Cathedral Incumbent
Diocese of Nidaros 1068 Nidaros Cathedral
Diocese of Bjørgvin 1068 Bergen Cathedral Bishop Halvor Nordhaug (2008–present)
Diocese of Oslo 1068 Oslo Cathedral Bishop Kari Veiteberg (2017–present)
Diocese of Stavanger
  • 1112
  • 1925 (re-established)
 Stavanger Cathedral Bishop Anne Lise Ådnøy (2019–present)
Diocese of Hamar
  • 1152
  • 1864 (re-established)
 Hamar Cathedral Bishop Solveig Fiske (2006–present)
Diocese of Agder og Telemark 1536 Kristiansand Cathedral Bishop Stein Reinertsen (2012–present)
Diocese of Tunsberg 1948 Tønsberg Cathedral Bishop Jan Otto Myrseth (2018–present)
Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland 1952 Bodø Cathedral Bishop Ann-Helen Fjeldstad Jusnes (2015–present)
Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland 1952 Tromsø Cathedral Bishop Olav Øygard (2014–present)
Diocese of Borg 1969 Fredrikstad Cathedral Bishop Atle Sommerfeldt (2012–present)
Diocese of Møre 1983 Molde Cathedral Bishop Ingeborg Midttømme (2008–present)

Governing bodies

The General Synod of the Church of Norway, which convenes once a year, is the highest representative body of the church. It consists of 85 representatives, of whom seven or eight are sent from each of the dioceses. Of these, four are lay members appointed by the congregations; one is a lay member appointed by church employees; one is a member appointed by the clergy; and the bishop. In addition, one representative from the Sami community in each of the three northernmost dioceses, representatives from the three theological seminaries, representatives from the youth council. Other members of the national council are also members of the general synod.

The national council, the executive body of the synod, is convened five times a year and comprises 15 members, of whom ten are lay members, four are clergy and one is the presiding bishop. It prepares matters for decision-making elsewhere and puts those decisions into effect. The council also has working and ad hoc groups, addressing issues such as church service, education and youth issues.

The Council on Ecumenical and International Relations deals with international and ecumenical matters, and the Sami Church Council is responsible for the Church of Norway's work among the country's indigenous Sami people.

The Bishops' Conference of the Church of Norway convenes three times a year, and consists of the twelve bishops in the church (the 11 diocesan bishops and the Preses). It issues opinions on various issues related to church life and theological matters.

The church also convenes committees and councils both at the national level (such as the Doctrinal Commission (Den norske kirkes lærenemnd),[23] and at diocesan and local levels, addressing specific issues related to education, ecumenical matters, the Sami minority and youth.

There are 1,600 Church of Norway churches and chapels. Parish work is led by a priest and an elected parish council. There are more than 1,200 clergy (in 2007 21% were women ministers) in the Church of Norway. The Church of Norway does not own church buildings, which are instead owned by the parish and maintained by the municipality.

Worship

The focus of church life is the Sunday Communion and other services, most commonly celebrated at 11:00 a.m. The liturgy is similar to that in use in the Roman Catholic Church. The language is entirely Norwegian, apart from the Kyrie Eleison, and the singing of hymns accompanied by organ music is central. A priest (often with lay assistants) celebrates the service, wearing an alb and stole. In addition, a chasuble is worn by the priest during the Eucharist and, increasingly, during the whole service.

The Church of Norway baptises children, usually infants and usually as part of ordinary Sunday services.

This is a summary of the liturgy for High Mass:[24][25]

(If there is a baptism it together with the Apostles' Creed may take place here or after the Sermon)

  • First Lesson (Old Testament, an Epistle, the Acts of the Apostles or the Revelation to John)[27]
  • Hymn of Praise
  • Second Lesson (An Epistle, the Acts of the Apostles, the Revelation to John or a Gospel)
  • Apostles' Creed
  • Hymn before the Sermon
  • Sermon (concluding with the Gloria Patri)
  • Hymn after the Sermon
  • Church Prayer (i.e., Intercessions)

(If there is no Communion, i.e., the Eucharist, the service concludes with the Lord's Prayer, an optional Offering, the Blessing and a moment of silent prayer)

  • Hymn before the Communion
  • Threefold Dialogue and Proper Preface
  • Sanctus
  • Prayer before the Lord's Supper,
  • Lord's Prayer
  • Words of Institution
  • Agnus Dei
  • Reception of Communion
  • Prayer of Thanksgiving after Communion
  • Blessing
  • Silent Prayer (as the church bell is toned nine – 3x3 – times)
  • Postludium

History
Old private altar in Hedmark, Norway

Origin

The Church of Norway traces its origins to the introduction of Christianity to Norway in the 9th century. Norway was Christianized as a result of missions from both the British Isles (by Haakon I of Norway and Olaf I of Norway), and from the Continent (by Ansgar). It took several hundred years to complete the Christianization, culminating on 29 July 1030 with the Battle of Stiklestad, when King Olaf II of Norway was killed. One year later, on 3 August 1031, he was canonised in Nidaros by Bishop Grimkell, and few years later enshrined in Nidaros Cathedral. The cathedral with its shrine to St. Olav became the major Nordic place of pilgrimage until the Lutheran reformation in 1537. The whereabouts of Saint Olaf's grave have been unknown since 1568.

Saint Olaf is traditionally regarded as being responsible for the final conversion of Norway to Christianity, and is still seen as Norway's patron saint and "eternal king" (Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae). The Nordic churches were initially subordinate to the Archbishop of Bremen, until the Nordic Archdiocese of Lund was established in 1103. The separate Norwegian Archdiocese of Nidaros (in today's Trondheim) was created in 1152, and by the end of the 12th century covered all of Norway, parts of present Sweden, Iceland, Greenland, the Isle of Man, the Orkney Islands, the Shetland Islands, the Faroe Islands, and the Hebrides.

Urnes Stave Church

Another site of medieval pilgrimage in Norway was the island of Selja on the northwest coast, with its memories of Saint Sunniva and its three monastery churches with Celtic influence, similar to Skellig Michael.

Reformation

The Reformation in Norway was accomplished by force in 1537 when Christian III of Denmark and Norway declared Lutheranism as the official religion of Norway and Denmark, sending the Roman Catholic archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, into exile in Lier in the Netherlands (now in Belgium). Catholic priests were persecuted, monastic orders were suppressed, and the crown took over church property, while some churches were plundered and abandoned, even destroyed. Bishops (initially called superintendents) were appointed by the king. This brought forth tight integration between church and state. After the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660 all clerics were civil servants appointed by the king, but theological issues were left to the hierarchy of bishops and other clergy.

When Norway regained national independence from Denmark in 1814, the Norwegian Constitution recognized the Lutheran church as the state church.

The pietism movement in Norway (embodied to a great extent by the Haugean movement fostered by Hans Nielsen Hauge) has served to reduce the distance between laity and clergy in Norway. In 1842, lay congregational meetings were accepted in church life, though initially with limited influence. In following years, a number of large Christian organizations were created; they still serve as a "second line" in Church structure. The most notable of these are the Norwegian Missionary Society and the Norwegian Lutheran Mission.

During World War II, after Vidkun Quisling became Minister President of Norway and introduced a number of controversial measures such as state-controlled education, the church's bishops and the vast majority of the clergy disassociated themselves from the government in the Foundations of the Church (Kirkens Grunn) declaration of Easter 1942, stating that they would only function as pastors for their congregations, not as civil servants. The bishops were interned with deposed clergy and theological candidates from 1943, but congregational life continued more or less as usual. For three years the Church of Norway was a church free of the State.

Since World War II, a number of structural changes have taken place within the Church of Norway, mostly to institutionalize lay participation in the life of the church.

Current issues
YearPopulation [28]Church of Norway MembersPercentageChange Annually
20004,503,4363,869,14785.9%
20054,640,2193,938,72384.9%0.2 %
20064,681,1343,871,00682.7%2.2 %
20074,737,1713,873,84781.8%1.1 %
20084,799,2523,874,82380.7%1.1 %
20094,858,1993,848,84179.2%1.5 %
20104,920,3053,835,47778.0%1.2 %
20114,985,8703,832,67976.9%1.1 %
20125,051,2753,829,30075.8%1.1 %
20135,109,0563,843,72175.2%0.6 %
20145,165,8023,835,97374.3%0.9 %
20155,213,9853,799,36672.9%1.4 %
20165,258,3173,758,07071.5%0.6 %
20175,295,6193,740,92070.6%0.9 %
20185,328,2123,724,85769.9%0.7 %
20195,367,5803,686,71568.7%1.2 %

[1]

Norwegians are registered at baptism as members of the Church of Norway, and many remain members to be able to use services such as baptism, confirmation, marriage and burial, rites which have strong cultural standing in Norway.

68.7% of Norwegians were members of the state Church of Norway as of the end of 2019, a 1.2% drop compared to the year before and down about 11% from ten years earlier. However, only 20% of Norwegians say that religion occupies an important place in their life (according to a recent Gallup poll), making Norway one of the most secular countries of the world (only in Estonia, Sweden and Denmark were the percentages of people who considered religion to be important lower), and only about 3% of the population attends church services or other religious meetings more than once a month.[29] Baptism of infants fell from 96.8% in 1960 to 51.4% in 2019, while the proportion of confirmands fell from 93% in 1960 to 54.4% in 2019.[1][30] The proportion of weddings to be celebrated in the Church of Norway fell from 85.2% in 1960 to 31.3% in 2019.[1][31] In 2019 85.5% of all funerals took place in the Church of Norway.[1] A survey conducted by Gallup International in 65 countries in 2005 found that Norway was the least religious among the Western countries surveyed, with only 36% of the population considering themselves religious, 9% considering themselves atheist and 46% considering themselves "neither religious nor atheist".[32]

The "Arctic Cathedral" in Tromsø, example of modern church architecture in Norway

In spite of the relatively low level of religious practice in Norwegian society, the local clergy often play important social roles outside their spiritual and liturgical responsibilities.

By law[33] all children who have at least one parent who is a member, automatically become members. This has been controversial, as many become members without knowing, and as this favours the Church of Norway over other churches. This law remained unchanged even after the separation of church and state in 2012.

In 2000, the Church of Norway appointed the first openly partnered gay priest.[34] In 2007, a majority in the general synod voted in favour of accepting people living in same-sex relations into the priesthood.[35] In 2008, the Norwegian Parliament voted to establish same-sex civil marriages, and the bishops allowed prayers for same-sex couples.[36] In 2014 a proposed liturgy for same-sex marriages was rejected by the general synod.[37] This question created much unrest in the Church of Norway and seems to serve as a trigger for conversions to independent congregations and other churches.[38][39] In 2015, the Church of Norway voted to allow same-sex marriages.[40] The decision was ratified on 11 April 2016.[41] The first same-sex marriage ceremony in the church occurred on 1 February 2017 just after midnight.[42][43][44]

On 21 May 2012, the Norwegian Parliament passed a constitutional amendment for the second time (such amendments must be passed twice in separate parliaments to come into effect) that granted the Church of Norway increased autonomy, and states that "the Church of Norway, an Evangelical-Lutheran church, remains Norway's people's church, and is supported by the State as such" ("people's church" or folkekirke is also the name of the Danish state church, Folkekirken), replacing the earlier expression which stated that "the Evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State." The constitution also says that Norway's values are based on its Christian and humanist heritage, and according to the Constitution, the king is required to be Lutheran. The government will still provide funding for the church as it does with other faith-based institutions, but the responsibility for appointing bishops and provosts will now rest with the church instead of the government. Prior to 1997, the appointments of parish priests and residing chaplains was also the responsibility of the government, but the church was granted the right to hire such clergy directly with the new Church Law of 1997. The 2012 amendment implies that the church's own governing bodies, rather than the Council of State, appoints bishops. The government and the parliament no longer have an oversight function with regard to day-to-day doctrinal issues, although the Constitution states that the church is to be Evangelical-Lutheran.[45][5]

After the changes in 1997 and 2012, until the change in 2017, all clergy remained civil servants (state employees), and the central and regional church administrations remained a part of the state administration. The Church of Norway is regulated by its own law (kirkeloven) and all municipalities are required by law to support the activities of the Church of Norway and municipal authorities are represented in its local bodies. The amendment was a result of a compromise from 2008. Minister of Church Affairs Trond Giske then emphasized that the Church of Norway remains Norway's state church, stating that "the state church is retained. Neither the Labour Party nor the Centre Party had a mandate to agree to separate church and state."[46] Of the government parties, the Labour Party and the Centre Party supported a continued state church, while only the Socialist Left Party preferred a separation of church and state, although all parties eventually voted for the 2008 compromise.[47][48]

The final amendment passed by a vote of 162–3. The three dissenting votes, Lundteigen, Ramsøy, and Toppe, were all from the Centre Party.[49]

Though still supported by the state of Norway, the church ceased to be the official state religion on 1 January 2017 and its approximately 1250 active clergy ceased to be employed by the Norwegian government on 1 January 2017.[50]

See also
Other Nordic national Lutheran churches

References
  1. Church of Norway, 2019 17.5.2020 Statistics Norway
  2. "Norway and its national church part ways".
  3. Norgeshistorie.no, Om; Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) ved UiO. "Landet blir kristnet". www.norgeshistorie.no.
  4. Løsere bånd, men fortsatt statskirke, ABC Nyheter
  5. "Staten skal ikke lenger ansette biskoper" (in Norwegian). NRK. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  6. Forbund, Human-Etisk. "Ingen avskaffelse: / Slik blir den nye statskirkeordningen".
  7. I dag avvikles statskirken (State church will be abolished today), Dagbladet, published 14 May 2012, accessed online 24 October 2015.
  8. State church in Norway?, Church of Norway, published, 6 March 2015, accessed 24 October 2015.
  9. Kristen-Norge åpnes
  10. Kulturdepartementet (5 March 2019). "Endringer i finansiering av Den norske kirke som følge av skille mellom stat og kirke fra 1. januar 2017". Regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 19 March 2020.
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  14. kontor, Statsministerens (27 May 2016). "Offisielt frå statsrådet 27. mai 2016". Regjeringa.no.
  15. "Fortsatt en statsbudsjettkirke".
  16. "dissenter – Store norske leksikon".
  17. Unstad, Live: Religion, nasjonalisme og borgerdannelse. Religion og norsk nasjonal identitet – en analyse av dissenterlovene av 1845 og 1891. Master thesis, University of Oslo, 2010.
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  20. NOU 2006: 2: Staten og Den norske kirke [The State and the Church of Norway]. Utredning fra Stat – kirke-utvalget oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon av 14. mars 2003. (Official report to the Minister of Culture available online).
  21. Offisielt frå statsrådet 27. mai 2016 regjeringen.no «Sanksjon av Stortingets vedtak 18. mai 2016 til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.) Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Lov nr. 17 Delt ikraftsetting av lov 27. mai 2016 om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.). Loven trer i kraft fra 1. januar 2017 med unntak av romertall I § 3 nr. 8 første og fjerde ledd, § 3 nr. 10 annet punktum og § 5 femte ledd, som trer i kraft 1. juli 2016.»
  22. Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Vedtak til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.) Stortinget.no
  23. "Startside kirken.no". Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet.
  24. "Startside kirken.no". Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet.
  25. "Church of Norway". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  26. Only the first two verses of the Gloria are used.
  27. It is preceded by the singing of the acclamation: "God be praised! Halleluja. Halleluja. Halleluja."
  28. Population Statistics Norway
  29. Religiøsitet og kirkebesøk Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Religion and church attendance); Forskning.no, published 2005, retrieved 23 February 2014.
  30. Basics and statistics Archived 14 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Church of Norway
  31. Marriages and divorces, 2019 2.4.2020 Statistics Norway
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  33. "Lov om Den norske kirke (kirkeloven)". Lovdata. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  34. "Lutheran Church of Norway Appoints Practicing Homosexual". Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  35. "Church of Norway ready to ordain same-sex priests". 24 November 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
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