Common peroneal nerve

The common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve; external popliteal nerve; lateral popliteal nerve) is a nerve in the lower leg that provides sensation over the posteriolateral part of the leg and the knee joint. It divides at the knee into two terminal branches: the superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve, which innervate the muscles of the lateral and anterior compartments of the leg respectively. When the common fibular nerve is damaged or compressed, foot drop can ensue.

"Peroneal nerve" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Perineal nerve.
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Nerves of the right lower extremity Posterior view. (Common fibular labeled at center right.)
Details
Fromsacral plexus via sciatic nerve (L4-S2)
ToDeep fibular nerve and Superficial fibular nerve
InnervatesAnterior compartment of leg, lateral compartment of leg, extensor digitorum brevis
Identifiers
LatinNervus fibularis communis,
Nervus peroneus communis
MeSHD010543
TA98A14.2.07.047
TA26571
FMA19039
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Structure

The common fibular nerve is the smaller terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The common fibular nerve has root values of L4, L5, S1, and S2. It arises from the superior angle of the popliteal fossa and extends to the lateral angle of the popliteal fossa, along the medial border of the biceps femoris. It then winds around the neck of the fibula to pierce the fibularis longus and divides into terminal branches of superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve. Before its division, the common fibular nerve gives off several branches in the popliteal fossa.[1]

Cutaneous branches
  • Lateral sural cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous nerve of calf) - supplies the skin of the upper two-thirds of the lateral side of leg.[1]
  • sural communicating nerve - it runs on the posterolateral aspect of the calf and joins the sural nerve.[1]

Articular branches
  • Superior lateral genicular nerve - accompanies artery of the same name and lies above the lateral femoral condyle.[1]
  • Inferior lateral genicular nerve - accompanies artery of the same name and lies just above the head of the fibula.[1]
  • Recurrent genicular nerve - It arises from the point of division of the common fibular nerve; then ascends anterior to the knee joint together with the anterior recurrent tibial artery to supply the knee joint and the tibialis anterior muscle.[1]

Motor branches

There is only one motor branch that arises directly from common fibular nerve, the nerve to the short head of the biceps femoris muscle.[1]

Function

The common fibular nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris muscle via a motor branch that exits close to the gluteal cleft.[2] The remainder of the fibular-innervated muscles are innervated by its branches, the deep fibular nerve and superficial fibular nerve.

It provides sensory innervation to the skin over the upper third of the lateral aspect of the leg via the lateral sural cutaneous nerve.[2] It gives the aural communicating nerve which joins the sural nerve in the midcalf.

Clinical significance

Chronic fibular (peroneal) neuropathy can result from, among other conditions, bed rest of long duration, hyperflexion of the knee, peripheral neuropathy, pressure in obstetric stirrups, and conditioning in ballet dancers. The most common cause is habitual leg crossing that compresses the common fibular nerve as it crosses around the neck of the fibula.[3] Transient trauma to the nerve can result from peroneal strike.

Damage to this nerve typically results in foot drop, where dorsiflexion of the foot is compromised and the foot drags (the toe points) during walking; and in sensory loss to the dorsal surface of the foot and portions of the anterior, lower-lateral leg. A common yoga kneeling exercise, the Vajrasana, has been linked to a variant called yoga foot drop.[4][5]

Surgical procedures involving the nerve involve:

  • Fibular nerve decompression
    • To surgically decompress the common fibular nerve, an incision is made over the neck of the fibula. Fascia surrounding the nerves to the lateral side of the leg is released.[6][7][8][9]
  • Deep fibular nerve decompression
    • In the surgical treatment of deep peroneal nerve entrapment in the foot, a ligament from the extensor digitorum brevis muscle that crosses over the deep peroneal nerve, putting pressure on it and causing pain, is released.[9]

Autopsy
The first recorded autopsy

Anatomists are taught not to divide this nerve during its revealing. (Considering the fact that the most of them exploits this knowledge during their surgical praxis.)[10]





Additional images
  • Front and posterior views of cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity
  • Common fibular nerve
  • Common peroneal nerve
  • Common peroneal nerve

See also
This article uses anatomical terminology.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 964 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. Krishna, Garg (2010). "Popliteal fossa (Chapter 6)". BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical) Volume 2 - Lower limb, abdomen, and pelvis (Fifth ed.). India: CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. p. 87,88. ISBN 978-81-239-1864-8.
  2. Katirji, Bashar (2007). Electromyography in Clinical Practice: A Case Study Approach, 2nd ed. Mosby Elsevier. p. 146. ISBN 9780323028998.
  3. Bradley, Walter G.; et al. (2004). Neurology in Clinical Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 453–454. ISBN 0-7506-7469-5.
  4. Joseph Chusid (August 9, 1971). "Yoga Foot Drop". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 271 (6): 827–828. doi:10.1001/jama.1971.03190060065025.
  5. William J. Broad (January 5, 2012). "How Yoga Can Wreck Your Body". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  6. "Peroneal Nerve Injury (Foot Drop)", Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 2013-12-18, retrieved 2013-12-18
  7. "Peroneal Nerve Entrapment at the Fibular Head", Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, 2013-12-18, retrieved 2013-12-18
  8. About us, Dellon Institutes for Peroneal Nerve Surgery, 2013-12-18, retrieved 2013-12-18
  9. Dellon Institutes Peroneal Nerve Compression Surgical Treatment (PDF), Dellon Institutes for Peroneal Nerve Surgery, 2006-02-20, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-18, retrieved 2013-12-18
  10. https://www.neurologiepropraxi.cz/pdfs/neu/2008/01/07.pdf "Na poranění se podílejí lékaři všech oborů, nejvíc přirozeně poškozují periferní nervy chirurgové."
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