Compagnie française des métaux

The Société Thuillier, Dague et Cie bought a site along the avenue du Général Leclerc at the western entrance to Bar-sur-Aube in 1902, and created a small stamping workshop. The Bogny-Braux foundry bought the factory during World War I, and around 1930 it was acquired by the Compagnie Française des métaux. It was served by a railway junction behind the site. Around 1950 it took the name of "Bar Lorforge".[25] The company, which grew considerably, specialized in hot stamping of steel, brass, aluminum alloy and other light alloys. As of 2018 the plant was owned by Manoirs Industries and employed 150 people.[25]

The factory at Castelsarrasin, Tarn-et-Garonne, was built after the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), and was privately owned until 1892, when it was acquired by the Paris-based Compagnie Française des Métaux.[26] The factory was remote from the frontiers of France, so unlikely to be occupied during a war, but accessible via road and railway. The waterfall of the Saint-Jean-des-Vignes lock provided power.[27] Until World War I the plant remained small. During the war it was transformed into an armaments factory, with the buildings extended for more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) between the lateral canal of the Garonne and the Bordeaux-Sète railway.[27] The factory made cartridges and shell casings for 105 and 155 millimetres (4.1 and 6.1 in) guns.[27]

After the end of hostilities the artillery workshop closed down, but aluminum work had taken an important role. This was due to development of cheap hydroelectric power from the Pyrenees and aluminum processing in Tarascon-sur-Ariège. The canal was abandoned as a mean of transport, with most ore delivered by truck and most products also delivered by road.[27] When World War II began the isolated location was again an advantage and the decommissioned workshop was reopened to supply the airforce and navy. During the German occupation the factory produced civilian products such as cans, agricultural machinery parts and PTT cables, but also delivered parts to the German air force. Between 17 and 23 May 1943 almost all the stocks of raw material were removed and transported under guard to Paris and on to Germany.[27] The plant was gradually converted back to peace-time products after the war, although some military products continued to be made until 1953. During this period the equipment was modernized, using a combination of electricity and natural gas for power. About 60% of the output in 1955 was aluminum, with light alloys, cupronickel, brass and red copper accounting for the remainder. The plant was employing 1,100 workers.[27]

Lead tower at Couëron, used in making lead shot

In 1860 a non-ferrous metal foundry was created at Couëron.[28] At first only lead was to be processed, but in 1878 a copper factory was added, and the company began importing refined copper and zinc. It manufactured copper locomotive boilers and electrical wire, and lead, copper and brass wires, tubes, bars and plates for sale to many other companies.[28] On 7 July 1879 the Société des fonderies et laminoirs de Couëron merged with the Société des mines et fonderies de Pontgibaud.[29] The Couëron facility had 350 employees in 1879, 555 in 1884 and 1,200 in 1932.[30] In the 1950s the original lead foundry was demolished and replaced by more modern buildings.[30] However, the company expanded the range of its products, adding aluminum to lead, copper and brass.[31] In 1955 the factory was taken over by CFM (Compagnie française des métaux), and 101 workers were laid off. The lead tower ceased operation in 1958.[32]

The present Compagnie des Tubes de Normandie began to produce lead linings in 1729.[33] The Manufacture Royale de Plomb laminé had a lead mill built in Déville-lès-Rouen in 1735. The Société Laveissière bought it in 1825, and in 1881 it became part of the société Industrielle et Commerciale des Métaux. Manufacture of lead ceased around 1894.[9] The Compagnie Française des Métaux took it over and had new buildings and worker's housing built. The plant specialized in making seamless steel tubes to meet the demand of the oil industry for transport of high-pressure fluids. It also made copper and brass products.[9] In 1957 the Compagnie française des Métaux and the Pont-à-Mousson Sidélor group jointly formed the Compagnie des Tubes de Normandie. After a major investment the new 7 hectares (17 acres) factory restarted manufacturing in February 1959 making steel tubes from 33 to 273 millimetres (1.3 to 10.7 in) in diameter.[9] In 1961 it became part of the Union Sidérurgique Lorraine (Sidelor).[33] The plant was taken over by the Vallourec company around 1980.[9]

A copper factory was created in 1806 by Gédéon de Contamine in Fromelennes, near to Givet, on the Belgian border.[34] The factory had three rolling mills and five furnaces in the central building between two 8.5 metres (28 ft) wheels. There was a wire drawing plant in the west building. The plant specialised in rolling yellow copper for use as hull plates for boats. It was sold in 1811 to Raymond de Montagnac de Chauvence, who rented it in 1814 to Pierre Saillard. It was sold in 1830 to Jean-Baptiste Aufrère de la Treuille, and in 1835 was sold to the Estivant brothers. The company was named Estivant frères in 1868. In 1878 the surviving brother, Edouard Estivant, sold his copper factories to Pierre Eugène Secretan, who combined them with his Société Métallurgique du cuivre. At that time it employed 47 workers. This was merged in 1881 with the Laveissière group to form the Société Industrielle et Commerciale des Métaux, which was taken over in 1892 by the Compagnie Française des métaux (CFM), which gradually shut down operations at Houillette and finally closed it in 1940.[35]

As of 2018 one of the two remaining sites of Tréfimétaux in France was the Usine de Givet, in Fromelennes, created in 1806. The facility had an area of 50 hectares (120 acres) of which 10 hectares (25 acres) were covered. It produced copper tubes for use in buildings for domestic hot and cold water systems, heating, gas, air conditioning and medical fluids, as well as copper tubes for industrial use, mainly for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.[36]

Niederbruck plant in 1824

A second Tréfimétaux facility is in the commune of Niederbruck, Haut-Rhin, near to Mulhouse. The factory dates back to 1862.[36] The original Niederbruck copper factory was established in 1809 by Wiltz, Steffan, Oswald Frères et Cie. using local copper ore. Around 1850 it passed to the Swiss Auguste-Henri Warnod, who imported copper from around the world and employed 200 workers.[37] Joseph Vogt and his older brother bought the Warnot and Meyer plant in Niederbruck in 1881. They already owned a foundry they had created in Masevaux around 1862 and the Héberlé & Ott foundry in Mulhouse, which they had bought in 1875.[38] During World War I (1914–18) the French moved into the region in the first weeks, and the Masevaux foundry and Niederbruck copper works were converted to production of war materials. The French President Raymond Poincaré visited Niederbruck on 12 February 1915 make Joseph Vogt a Knight of the Legion of Honour.[39] After World War II the company became "Cuivre et Alliages", a subsidiary of the Cie Française des Métaux.[37] As of 2018 the plant manufactured copper bars, flat surfaces and machined and shaped products, mainly for the electrical industry.[36]

Charles-Marie Prévost d'Arlincourt, general and baron of the empire, built the Saint-Victor factory at Sérifontaine during the July Monarchy. The site had an area of 14 hectares (35 acres).[40] It takes its name from an old mill on the Epte that had probably been named by 12th century monks, and for many years the river supplied power to the factory. The building had unusual ogival windows, which were also found in Dangu.[40] The copper for the Statue of Liberty was rolled at the factory.[40] Eugène Secrétan incorporated the factory into his Société des Métaux and made important improvements.[40] At the start of World War I it belonged to the new Compagnie Française des Métaux, a major listed company in Paris. It ran at full speed during the war supplying the army. The plant was finally closed in 2009.[40]