Congregation Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom

The congregation was founded as Beth Jacob in 1869,[6] by more traditional members of an existing Reform German Jewish synagogue,[1] the Keap Street Temple.[7] They objected to the installation and use of a pipe organ to accompany Yom Kippur services, which was forbidden by halakha (Jewish law), and seceded and created their own congregation.[1] The new congregation was formally incorporated on October 1 of that year,[4] and first worshiped in a house.[1][8] In 1870, Beth Jacob purchased a 23-foot (7.0 m) by 95-foot (29 m) lot at what is now 326 Keap Street (than Tenth Street) for $150 (today $3,000) in cash and a mortgage of $1,050 (today $21,200), and constructed a building there,[4] at a cost of around $6,000 (today $121,000).[8] Men and women sat separately, and the sanctuary had seating for 164 men on the main floor and 135 women in the gallery. Services were generally held only on Shabbat and the Jewish holidays.[4] The first spiritual leader was Rabbi Dresser, and he was succeeded by Lewis Lewinski (or Levinsky).[8][9]

In its early years, the congregation's financial situation was precarious. The building was located ten blocks from where most of the congregants and potential congregants lived (on Grand Street, near the ferry docks), and attendance was low. Even on the High Holy Days, the sanctuary was rarely more than half full. The synagogue employed a rabbi, gabbai, and cantor, and annual expenses often exceeded the congregation's income (which came primarily from the sale of seats). To remain solvent, the congregation borrowed money against the equity in the building: $2,000 (today $57,000) in 1888, and another $2,000 in 1894.[4]

The congregation was also marked by public controversies and factionalism. In January 1887, during a heated discussion at a congregational business meeting, one member addressed two others with the informal German "du" (rather than the formal "Sie"), which was considered impolite. Despite attempts by then-rabbi Lewinski to intervene, the two men beat the first, knocked him to the ground, and "trampled upon" him.[9] The two men were subsequently charged with "assault in the third degree".[9]

Lewinski was succeeded that year as rabbi by Hyman Rosenberg, and in October of the same year a new secretary was elected, in a close-fought battle between two factions. When it was time for the former secretary to hand over the financial books, a member, Simon Freudenthal, was alleged to have grabbed them, jumped out a window, and ran away with them. When he returned, he refused to say why he took them, and insisted he would keep them. A warrant was issued for his arrest on the charge of larceny, and he was released on bail.[10] Ten days later the synagogue president, American Civil War veteran Colonel Solomon Monday,[11] was arrested and charged in turn with libel, for allegedly claiming that Freudenthal stole "sacred books".[12] Monday, in turn, had Freudenthal charged in November with stealing $8 (today $230) worth of "sacred books" during "divine service".[13] Later that month both cases were dismissed.[14] In early 1888, another case was brought, and dismissed, over attempts by one faction to expel members of the other faction.[15][16]

In December 1892, the congregation expelled Rosenberg, charging him with eating a piece of pork, which is not kosher. To augment his salary of $400 (today $11,400) a year from Beth Jacob, Rosenberg also worked as an agent for a cigar company. While visiting a customer at a bar, he was alleged to have eaten the pork while partaking of some of the free lunch provided there.[17][18] Rosenberg initially said that while he had drunk a great deal, he had not eaten anything at all,[17] and subsequently stated that he was sure he had not eaten pork, because the bar-keep had sworn in affidavit that there was none in the lunch provided that day.[19] Rosenberg later averred consistently that if he had eaten any pork, it was inadvertently.[18] He also alleged hypocrisy on the part of the members, stating "They are all reformed Jews in private, although orthodox Jews in public."[17]

The rabbi's defenders strongly objected to the decision. His primary supporter, synagogue vice president Louis Jackson, who had broken the story to the press, described the congregation as a "collection of jackasses", with the "chief jackass" being the president Louis Schwartz, who Jackson accused of eating ham himself, and of stealing from the synagogue's charity boxes.[20] Jackson was expelled from the congregation,[20] and subsequently convicted of libel and fined $100 (today $2,800) for making the accusations, while Rosenberg sued the synagogue for his salary.[21] Rosenberg died of pneumonia in April 1893, at the age of 43, his "health and spirits", according to a contemporary New York Times report, "broken" by the expulsion. At the funeral, Jackson berated the congregation's members, who, he charged, had "hounded, hunted, driven [Rosenberg] to a grave of misery", and allegedly threatened to kill one of them with a stone taken from the newly dug grave.[18] Charges were again brought against Jackson, but this time were dismissed, with the Justice stating "it looks as if it were an even thing all around."[22]

A month later, Beth Jacob hired Abraham Salbaum as rabbi.[23] The following year, the synagogue's two-story frame synagogue building at 326 Keap Street, valued at $2,000 (today $59,000), was struck by lightning and almost completely destroyed.[24] The congregation decided to rebuild at the same location.[25]

Many working class German Jews moved from the Lower East Side to Williamsburg after the Williamsburg Bridge was completed in 1903, providing access to Manhattan.[1] In January 1904, Beth Jacob merged with Chevra Ansche Sholom, a synagogue that had been founded the year before.[26] The combined congregation took the name Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom. Chevra Ansche Sholom worshiped in a Masonic Temple, and had a number of assets, including two houses at 184–186 South Third Street valued at $6,500 (today $185,000), with a mortgage of $4,500 (today $128,000). At the time, Beth Jacob's own building was valued at $6,000 (today $171,000), with a mortgage of $2,000 (today $57,000).[4]

Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom synagogue on South Third Street in September 1906

Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom exchanged the deeds for houses at 184–186 South Third Street for a property at 274–276 South Third Street in June 1905.[27] It hired architect George F. Pelham to draw up plans for a new building, instructing him to copy the prominent Congregation Shaaray Tefila building on Manhattan's West 82nd Street, designed by Arnold Brunner, and known as the "West End Synagogue".[5] Features of the new design included seating for almost 1,000 in the main sanctuary,[28] a Talmud Torah for Hebrew language instruction in the basement, electric lightning, and steam heating.[5] Construction was expected to cost $75,000 (today $2,130,000).[29] Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom erected the building at 274–276 South Third Street, and sold Beth Jacob's building at 326 Keap Street to the North Side Chevre, a new congregation.[7]

Ground was broken in June 1905,[30] the cornerstone was laid in September,[29] and the new building was dedicated by then-rabbi Dr. H. Veld on September 9, 1906,[31] in time for High Holy Day services to be held there that year.[27] The actual cost of construction was around $60,000 (today $1,710,000), of which $35,000 (today $1,000,000) was raised through sale of seats and donations, and the rest via a mortgage. The improved premises attracted many new members.[27]

In February 1907, the congregation created a four-room Talmud Torah. In September of that year Samuel Rabinowitz was hired as rabbi for a three-year term, renewed in 1910 for another three years. A "junior congregation" was created from the members of the Talmud Torah. They elected, as their first "pupil rabbi", Harry Halpern, who later served for five decades as rabbi of the East Midwood Jewish Center.[27]

Rabinowitz resigned in indignation in May 1912, stating the trustees did not live up to the terms of his contract, after Herman Heisman, chairman of the synagogue's board of trustees, hired an assistant rabbi, whose services Rabinowitz objected to.[32] Rabinowitz purchased for $50,000 (today $1,320,000) a church building at South 5th Street and Marcy Avenue, and started his own synagogue there.[27][32] His first Saturday services had an attendance of 1,200, a third of whom were his former congregants, and he stated that "his flock" would soon join him.[32]

Rabinowitz was succeeded as rabbi of Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom in December 1912 by Wolf Gold.[27][33] Born in Szczecin, Poland (then Stettin, Germany) in 1889, he was the descendant of at least eight generations of rabbis, and received his own rabbinic ordination in 1906, at age 17.[34] He emigrated to the United States the following year, and served as rabbi of congregations in Chicago, Illinois and Scranton, Pennsylvania before coming to Williamsburg.[33][34]

A strong proponent of Religious Zionism, Gold helped found in New York the first branch of Mizrahi (the Religious Zionists of America) in the United States in 1914 (he would subsequently assist in the founding of many of its other branches in North America).[34] That year, the congregation purchased for the growing Talmud Torah the First United Presbyterian Church building at South 1st and Rodney Streets, at a cost of $20,050 (today $512,000). Many classrooms were added in the lower auditorium, and the building was dedicated as the "Talmud Torah of Williamsburg" in December.[11]

In 1917, Gold was one of the founders of Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, and was its first president.[34] He would serve at Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom until 1919, moving to a pulpit in San Francisco.[34] That year the congregation had 155 member families.[35] Gold would emigrate to Palestine in 1935, and was one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[34]

Gold was succeeded as rabbi by Solomon Golobowsky.[11] The congregation had decided by 1918 that the Talmud Torah should become independent: during Golobowsky's tenure, in 1921, it demolished the church building housing the school, and built in its place a new building, with 18 classrooms and an auditorium. The school was incorporated as the "Hebrew School of Williamsburg", and title to the building and property was transferred from the synagogue to it in July of that year. The school in turn assumed a mortgage of $15,000 (today $220,000) and additional debts of around $10,700 (today $150,000).[27]

Isaac Bunin succeeded Golobowsky as rabbi in December 1926.[11] Born in Malistovka, Krasnopoli (near Mogilev, Belarus) in 1882, he had emigrated to the United States in 1923.[36] While practicing as a rabbi in Russia, he issued a responsum in 1908 that permitted Jews to shoot—on the Sabbath—anarchist communists who terrorized local Jewish communities, and extorted "contributions" from them.[37] Before coming to Beth Jacob Anshe Sholom he served as rabbi in Trenton, New Jersey, where he was instrumental in the creation of the re-established Dr. Theodor Herzl's Zion Hebrew School (opened October 1926).[38]

Following World War II and the Holocaust, large numbers of Hasidic and haredi Jewish refugees immigrated to Williamsburg. The congregation initially had poor relations with these groups, but these later improved with some segments of the Hasidic community.[1] The synagogue celebrated Bunin's Silver Jubilee as rabbi in March, 1951.[39] His work Hegyonot Yitzhak was published in 1953.[37]

The old Jewish area of Williamsburg east of Broadway was strongly impacted by the construction of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway in the 1950s. The congregation's building was expropriated and demolished. It joined with another large Ashkenazi synagogue in the same situation, and in 1957 the merged congregations constructed the current building at the edge of the "Jewish Triangle", just west of Broadway.[1][3] In 1965, Chaim A. Pincus was the rabbi.[40]

Joshua Fishman, described by George Kranzler as "a renowned scholar and orator," became the rabbi of the congregation in 1971.[1][3] He also served from 1982 as head of Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools.[1][41][42] At the time Fishman became rabbi, as many as 700 people would attend Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom's services.[1]

One of the members in the 1990s and 2000s was Marty Needleman. He was project director for Brooklyn Legal Services, which provided legal services to low-income Brooklyn residents, and was a member of the executive committees of both the synagogue and of Los Sures, a Williamsburg community-based housing group.[43] Another notable congregant is Steve Cohn, the Democratic District Leader and lawyer whose father was involved with the synagogue, and who had his Bar Mitzvah there.[1]

Samuel Heilman wrote in 1996 that Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom was one of four Williamsburg institutions that served to "anchor the community around them", and "in effect geographically engulf and cancel" the ability of prominent local churches to "dominate the neighborhood".[2] By the mid-1990s, however, the synagogue attracted only 300 to 400 generally elderly Ashkenazi men and women for High Holy Day services, most of whom lived in "public high rise projects", and Fishman doubted that Williamsburg's only remaining Orthodox Nusach Ashkenaz synagogue still holding regular services would survive.[3] By 2010, Shabbat attendance was around two dozen worshipers, and weekday attendance half that.[1]

As of 2010, Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom was the oldest Orthodox congregation on Long Island (including Brooklyn and Queens), and, according to Brooklyn Eagle journalist Raanan Geberer, "one of the few remnants of the non-Hasidic Jewish community that thrived in Williamsburg until the 1960s". No Conservative or Reform synagogues presently exist in the neighborhood, Rabbi Fishman retired in 2014. The president is Martin S. Needelman.[1]

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