Consolea corallicola

Consolea corallicola is a species of cactus known by the common names Florida semaphore cactus and semaphore pricklypear. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is limited to the Florida Keys.[1]

Consolea corallicola
Conservation status
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Cactaceae
Genus:	Consolea
Species:	C. corallicola
Binomial name
Consolea corallicola Small
Synonyms
Opuntia corallicola

This cactus is a species of tree[2] which grows up to eight feet/2.4 meters tall. The stem segments are up to 40 centimeters long and are "copiously armed" with pink spines which can exceed 12 centimeters in length. The spines on the trunk all point downward and are the largest spines on the plant. The flowers, which have a scent reminiscent of rotting meat, have fleshy outer tepals and red-colored inner tepals that reach 2.5 centimeters in length. Flowering occurs year-round, with a peak season in December through April. This cactus is colonial, forming colonies of "trunked" plants and several "pups".[3] This species' common name refers to its resemblance to railway semaphore signals.[1]

This "is an extremely rare species"[3] that is "near extinction".[2] It "may very well be the most endangered plant in the United States". It has been extirpated from several of the Keys,[2] including Big Pine Key, the island where it was first discovered in 1919.[3] Today there are two populations, one on Little Torch Key and one on Swan Key. There is also a patch of plants growing where several fragments were planted on North Key Largo. Because the plant is colonial, with what appear to be several plants actually being parts of one genetic individual, populations are very small, sometimes containing fewer than five true individuals.[3] One population is composed of only male plants and cannot reproduce sexually.[3] There are a total of under 20 distinct individuals living in the wild today.[2] It is listed by the IUCN as "critically endangered."[4]

The habitat for this species is bare rock with thin pockets of humus located in hardwood hammocks or the ecotone between hammock and mangrove habitat. The substrate is Key Largo limestone with a covering of sand. The habitat is near sea level. Associated species include Sporobolus virginicus, Conocarpus erectus, Maytenus phyllanthoides, Manilkara bahamensis, Hippomane mancinella, and Opuntia stricta var. dillenii.[3]

The worst immediate threat to the species today is Cactoblastis cactorum, an invasive, non-native species of moth[3] which eats cacti.[1][5] It is also threatened by hurricane activity and sea-level rise, which can affect it because it lives near sea level. It has trouble reproducing because one population is all male and can only reproduce vegetatively.[3] It is also suffering from a rot disease. Other threats include scale insects, poaching and habitat destruction and degradation.[1]