Cowbird

Cowbirds are birds belonging to the genus Molothrus in the family Icteridae. They are of New World origin. They are brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other species.

Cowbird
Female brown-headed cowbird
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Molothrus
Swainson, 1832
Species

The genus was introduced by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1832 with the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) as the type species.[1][2] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek mōlos meaning "struggle" or "battle" with thrōskō meaning "to sire" or "to impregnate".[3]

The genus contains six species:[4]

ImageScientific nameCommon NameDistribution
Molothrus rufoaxillarisScreaming cowbirdnorth east and central Argentina, south east Bolivia, central Brazil and throughout Paraguay and Uruguay
Molothrus oryzivorus (formerly in Scaphidura)Giant cowbirdsouthern Mexico south to northern Argentina, and on Trinidad and Tobago
Molothrus bonariensisShiny cowbirdSouth America, the Caribbean, and Florida
Molothrus aeneusBronzed cowbirdsouthern U.S. states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana south through Central America to Panama
Molothrus armentiBronze-brown cowbirdColombia
Molothrus aterBrown-headed cowbirdSouthern Canada, United States, and Mexico

One extinct species, †Molothrus resinosus, is known from fossil remains recovered from the Talara Tar Seeps of northwestern Peru, and likely went extinct during the late Quaternary. It may have been a close associate of Pleistocene megafauna communities, and may have gone extinct following their collapse in populations.[5]

The non-brood parasitic baywings were formerly placed in this genus; they are now classified as Agelaioides.

Behavior

Cowbirds are insectivores.

The birds in this genus are infamous for laying their eggs in other birds' nests. The female cowbird will note when a potential host bird lays its eggs, and when the nest is left momentarily unattended, the cowbird will lay its own egg. The female cowbird may continue to observe this nest after laying eggs. Some bird species have evolved the ability to detect such parasitic eggs, and may reject them by pushing them out of their nests. However, the female cowbird has been observed to attack and destroy the remaining eggs of such birds as a consequence, dissuading further removals. Widespread predatory behaviors in cowbirds could slow the evolution of rejection behaviors and further threaten populations of some of the greater-than 100 species of regular cowbird hosts, favoring host acceptance of parasitic eggs in a mafia-like contest between cowbirds and other species.[6]

References
  1. Swainson, William John; Richardson, J. (1831). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America. Part 2. The Birds. London: J. Murray. p. 277. The title page bears the year 1831 but the volume did not appear until 1832.
  2. Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 195.
  3. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2020). "IOC World Bird List (v 10.2)". Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  5. Steadman, David W.; Oswald, Jessica A. (July 2020). "New species of troupial (Icterus) and cowbird (Molothrus) from ice-age Peru". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 132 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1676/1559-4491-132.1.91. ISSN 1559-4491.
  6. Jeffrey P. Hoover; Scott K. Robinson (13 March 2007). "Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  • Jaramillo and Burke, New World Blackbirds ISBN 0-7136-4333-1
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.