Crónica Electrónica
Crónica Electrónica, also known as Crónica, is an independent media-label based in Porto, Portugal. Founded in 2003 by Miguel Carvalhais, Pedro Tudela, Lia, João Cruz, Paulo Vinhas and Pedro Almeida, it publishes experimental sound and visual artists.
Originally formed around a small group of Portuguese artists, Crónica eventually expanded its roster to include international musicians and sound artists.
Since 2005, Crónica organizes a free annual event in Porto which is "simultaneous the celebration of the label's anniversary, a gathering of friends and lovers of experimental music and an offer to the city" it operates in.
[1]
Crónica Electrónica | |
---|---|
Founded | 2003 |
Founder | Miguel Carvalhais Pedro Tudela Lia João Cruz Paulo Vinhas Pedro Almeida |
Genre | Experimental, Electronic, Sound art |
Country of origin | Portugal |
Location | Porto |
Official website | cronicaelectronica.org |
Releases
Although many releases adhere to the standard CD format, among its outputs one can find two main alternative series that try to explore and expand the curatorial role of a music label and the potential of digital distribution.
Unlimited
The Unlimited release series are digital-only releases, available either as free downloads or as commercial editions from online retailers. [2]
Limited
The Limited releases present physical goods which come in diverse formats, ranging from prints to objects or hand-cut vinyls. All of these are numbered and signed by the artist and are available in very limited quantities. [3]
Broadcast
Futurónica
Futurónica was a radio program produced by the label, broadcast fortnightly by Rádio Zero[4] (from 2009 to 2017) and Rádio Manobras (from 2011 to 2017).
Crónicaster
From 2005 to 2016, Crónica published 122 releases of a podcast, Crónicaster, in which were presented label-related pieces, such as radio broadcasts, live performances and remixes. [5]
Recognition
Although the notability in Portugal, beyond a circle of musicians and some attentive followers of the label's activity, is diminished, the European and international panorama is quite different.[6] It has become a reference in European experimental music and sound art.[7] [8] [9] [10]
Crónica has been praised for being a well curated label.[11] It was compared to Mego, but the distinction became clear over time; Crónica uses noise without making noise music, and stands on a smaller, more targeted niche.[12]
The label is known for the quality of their releases and their continuous effort to put out high-quality music.[13] They make choices based on projects rather than musicians[14] and have shown to make bold choices and have an eye for special music.[15] [16] [17] [18]
Their catalogue has been described as sharp and demanding,[19] [20] encompassing a diverse genres, such as electro-acoustic music, ambient, minimal music, improvised jazz and field-recordings.[21] [22]
In 2006, Crónica was present at the Sónar Festival in Barcelona. Miguel Carvalhais and Return (João Cruz) performed a set that showcased future releases.[23]
Artists
- @c
- Alessio Ballerini
- Alexander Rishaug
- Arlene Tucker
- Artificial Memory Trace
- Arturas Bumšteinas
- Attilio Novellino
- Autodigest
- Boca Raton
- Bruno Duplant
- Cáncer
- Carlos Santos
- Cem Güney
- Daniel Bisig
- Dan Powell
- Darius Čiuta
- David Lee Myers
- David Maranha
- Davor Mikan
- Dawn Scarfe
- Durán Vázquez
- Edu Comelles
- Emidio Buchinho
- Emmanuel Mieville
- Enrico Coniglio
- Ephraim Wegner
- Eric La Casa
- Fernando Godoy
- Francisco López
- Freiband
- Gigantiq
- Gilles Aubry
- Gintas K
- Giuseppe Cordaro
- Graeme Truslove
- Guido Flichman
- Guy Dowsett
- Haarvöl
- Heimir Björgúlfsson
- Helgi Thorsson
- Hugo Olim
- Ifs
- Isabel Latorre
- James Eck Rippie
- Janek Schaefer
- Jazznoise
- Jim Haynes
- John Grzinich
- Jonas Ohlsson
- Jos Smolders
- Julia Weinmann
- Jura Laiva
- Lawrence English
- Lemures
- Lia
- Longina
- Luca Forcucci
- Luís Antero
- Luis Marte
- Marc Behrens
- Marius Watz
- Martijn Tellinga
- Mathias Delplanque
- Matilde Meireles
- Miguel Flor
- Miguel A. García
- Miguel Leal
- Mikel R. Nieto
- Mise_en_scene
- µo
- Monty Adkins
- Morten Riis
- Mosaique
- Nicolas Bernier
- o.blaat
- Ok.Suitcase
- Oriol Rosell
- Oscar Martin
- Øyvind Brandtsegg
- paL
- Paulo Raposo
- Pawel Grabowski
- Pedro Rebelo
- Pedro Tudela
- Philip Samartzis
- Pimmon
- Piotr Kurek
- Porcje Rosołowe
- Pure
- Quarz
- Ran Slavin
- Return
- Ricardo Guerreiro
- Richard Eigner
- Roel Meelkop
- Rutger Zuydervelt
- Saverio Rosi
- Simon Cummings
- Simon Whetham
- Síria
- Sound Meccano
- Stephan Mathieu
- Stephen Vitiello
- Stefan Nussbaumer
- Sumugan Sivanesan
- TAMTAM
- Tarab
- tilia
- The Beautiful Schizophonic
- Trondheim EMP
- TU M’
- Tuulikki Bartosik
- UBERMORGEN.COM
- Ulrich Mitzlaff
- Vacuamoenia
- Vitor Joaquim
- Xoán-Xil López
- Yiorgis Sakellariou
Cover artists
- Alessandro Segalini
- Aki Onda
- Andrea Bolognino
- Andy Fullalove
- Arménio Martins
- C.E.B.Reas
- Christina Vantzou
- Clovis Vallois
- David Lee Myers
- David Muth
- Estelle Chaigne
- Heitor Alvelos
- Helen Cho
- Hugo Olim
- Hugo Oliveira
- Insert Silence (Amit Pitaru & James Paterson)
- Jan Robert Leegte
- Jan Rohlf
- Jewboy Co.
- João Cruz
- José Carneiro
- Julia Weinmann
- Lia
- Marc Behrens
- Mário Moura
- Marius Waltz
- Miguel Leal
- Pedro de Sousa Pereira
- Pedro Tudela
- re-p.org (Maia Gusberti)
- roav
- Rosemary Lee
- Rui Vitorino Santos
- Rutger Zuydervelt
- Simon Whetham
- Skurktur
- Stephen Harvey
- Steve Roden
- Tami Wiesel
Catalogue
Title | Artist | Cat N. | Format |
GML Vars. Live | @c | Crónica 168s~2021 | digital release |
Nancarrow Biotope | Øyvind Brandtsegg | Crónica 165~2020 | MC |
Deus Sive Natura | Nicola di Croce | Crónica 164~2020 | digital release |
Crossmodulated | Roel Meelkop | Crónica 163~2020 | MC |
Deriva | Various Artists | Crónica 162~2020 | MC |
Listen to me | Pedro Rebelo | Crónica 161~2020 | MC |
Auditório | Pedro Tudela | Crónica 160~2020 | box-set and digital release |
Sunnyside | Matilde Meireles | Crónica 159~2020 | digital release |
Kularrate | Miguel A. García & Oscar Martin | Crónica 158~2020 | digital release |
L'incertitude | Rutger Zuydervelt & Bruno Duplant | Crónica 157~2020 | MC |
A100 | TAMTAM | Crónica 156~2020 | digital release |
Boa-Língua | Síria | Crónica 155~2020 | MC |
Orgelsafari | Arturas Bumšteinas | Crónica 154~2020 | digital release |
Captured Space | Philip Samartzis & Eric La Casa | Crónica 153~2020 | MC |
-O-R-G-A-N- | Mise_en_scene | Crónica 152~2019 | MC |
Ekkert Nafn | Francisco López & Miguel A. García | Crónica 151~2019 | CD |
Espaço, Pausa, Repetição | @c | Crónica 150~2019 | MC |
Clorofila Voyeur | Guido Flichman | Crónica 149~2019 | digital release |
Unwritten Rules for a Ceaseless Journey | Haarvöl + Xoán-Xil López | Crónica 148~2019 | CD |
Jetzt | Ephraim Wegner & Daniel Bisig | Crónica 147~2019 | digital release |
Poke It With A Stick / Joining The Bots | Trondheim EMP | Crónica 146~2019 | 2CD |
Sound | Luís Antero & Darius Čiuta | Crónica 145~2019 | digital release |
For Pauline | Isabel Latorre & Edu Comelles | Crónica 144~2018 | MC |
Rheingold | Tamtam | Crónica 143~2018 | MC |
Cuspo | Síria | Crónica 142~2018 | MC |
Panphonia | Vacuamoenia | Crónica 141~2018 | digital release |
Moeror | Monty Adkins | Crónica 140~2018 | digital release |
間 | Simon Cummings | Crónica 139~2018 | MC |
Témoins | Mathias Delplanque | Crónica 138~2018 | MC |
Manifold Basketball | Ifs | Crónica 137~2018 | digital release |
Obex | Tarab + Artificial Memory Trace | Crónica 136~2018 | MC |
At Cuckmere | Dan Powell | Crónica 135~2017 | digital release |
Superpositions | David Lee Myers | Crónica 134~2017 | MC |
Shadows and Reflections | Monty Adkins | Crónica 133~2017 | MC |
Constellation / Deformation | Mise_en_scene | Crónica 132~2017 | digital release |
Stikhiya | Yiorgis Sakellariou | Crónica 131~2017 | MC |
Intuited Architectures | Graeme Truslove | Crónica 130~2017 | CD |
Hiku Komuro, Hikikomori | Durán Vázquez | Crónica 129~2017 | MC |
The Waste Land | Luca Forcucci | Crónica 128~2017 | MC |
Digital Junkies in Strange Times | Ran Slavin | Crónica 127~2017 | digital release |
Juryo: Durée de la vie de l’ainsi-venu | Emmanuel Mieville | Crónica 126~2017 | CD |
.appnd | µo | Crónica 125~2017 | digital release |
Under My Skin | Gintas K | Crónica 124~2017 | MC |
Nowhere: Exercises in Modular Synthesis and Field Recording | Jos Smolders | Crónica 123~2017 | CD |
Igavene Olevik | James Alexander Wyness | Corollaries 12 / Crónica 122~2016 | digital release |
Gleaners | Tarab | Corollaries 11 / Crónica 121~2016 | digital release |
Hypnomatic | Arlene Tucker & Guy Dowsett | Corollaries 10 / Crónica 120~2016 | digital release |
Urban Dialog | TAMTAM | Crónica 119~2016 | digital release |
Alone Together | Dawn Scarfe | Corollaries 9 / Crónica 118~2016 | digital release |
Geography | Vitor Joaquim | Crónica 117~2016 | CD |
Primary Reception | Tuulikki Bartosik | Corollaries 8 / Crónica 116~2016 | digital release |
Throttle and Calibration | Jim Haynes | Corollaries 7 / Crónica 115~2016 | digital release |
Prevailing Wind, Tangled Under | John Grzinich | Corollaries 6 / Crónica 114~2016 | digital release |
X-RUN-4 Prismatique | Ulrich Mitzlaff | Crónica 113~2016 | digital release |
Is the space empty, only to be filled with the energy of this voice? | Fernando Godoy | Corollaries 5 / Crónica 112~2016 | digital release |
Three-Body Problem | @c | Crónica 111~2016 | CD |
Sireli Aeg | Sound Meccano / Jura Laiva | Corollaries 4 / Crónica 110~2016 | digital release |
Bittersweet Melodies | Ran Slavin | Crónica 109~2016 | CD |
Thermo Swing & Quanta+Else / Studio Blanks 01-02 | Ran Slavin | Crónica 108~2016 | digital release |
Contact | Simon Whetham | Corollaries 3 / Crónica 107~2016 | digital release |
Primary Fields | Mise_en_scene | Crónica 106~2016 | digital release |
Roha | Andreas Trobollowitsch | Crónica 105~2016 | CD |
When the Days All Tip from Nests and Fly Down Roads | Richard Eigner | Corollaries 2 / Crónica 104~2016 | digital release |
Against Nature | Simon Whetham | Crónica 103~2016 | CD |
Everything Emanating from the Sun | Yiorgis Sakellariou | Corollaries 1 / Crónica 102~2016 | digital release |
The Venus of Pistoletto | Emídio Buchinho & Carlos Santos | Crónica 101~2016 | digital release |
Gamelan Descending a Staircase | Arturas Bumšteinas | Crónica 100~2015 | CD |
Loud Listening Murano | Various Artists | Crónica 099~2015 | digital release |
Modular Works 2015Q1 | Jos Smolders | Crónica 098~2015 | digital release |
Positions | Martijn Tellinga | Crónica 097~2015 | CD / digital release |
Siebzehn bis ∞ | Various Artists | Crónica 096~2015 | digital release |
Lanificio Leo | Attilio Novellino / Saverio Rosi | Crónica 095~2015 | digital release |
Unfurling Streams | Monty Adkins | Crónica 094~2015 | CD / digital release |
Insects 4-7 | Porcje Rosołowe | Crónica 093~2015 | digital release |
Ma.Org Pa.Git Re.Mx | Alexander Rishaug & Various Artists | Crónica 092~2015 | digital release |
Ma.Org Pa.Git | Alexander Rishaug | Crónica 091~2015 | LP / digital release |
W.o.W. – Wand of Watt | Emidio Buchinho & Ricardo Guerreiro | Crónica 090~2014 | digital release |
The Sound of Underwater Friction Produced by Movement | Mikel R. Nieto | Crónica 089~2014 | digital release |
Transmissions | Mathias Delplanque | Crónica 088~2014 | CD / digital release |
(ANT(i)SOM) | Luís Antero | Crónica 087~2014 | digital release |
Residual Forms | Monty Adkins | Crónica 086~2014 | digital release |
Ab OVO | @c | Crónica 085~2014 | CD / digital release |
Concret-Sens | Emmanuel Mieville | Crónica 084~2013 | digital release |
Lemuria | Lemures | Crónica 083~2013 | 12” Vinyl / digital release |
EP | Lemures | Crónica 082~2013 | AIFF / MP3 |
Meubles | Arturas Bumšteinas | Crónica 081~2013 | digital release |
Water-Nature-City | Cem Güney | Crónica 080~2013 | digital release |
No End of Vinyl | Pure | Crónica 079~2013 | CD |
The End of Vinyl | Pure | Crónica 078~2013 | AIFF / MP3 |
Half-Life, Still Life | @c | Crónica 077~2013 | AIFF / MP3 |
Queendom Maybe Rise | Marc Behrens | Crónica 076~2013 | CD |
443 | Mise_en_scene | Crónica 075~2013 | AIFF / MP3 |
Monnom / Hertz, Gigahertz | Miguel A. García / Durán Vázquez | Crónica 074~2013 | AIFF / MP3 |
'Never So Alone | Simon Whetham | Crónica 073~2013 | CD |
Jakov & Gwizdały | Arturas Bumšteinas | Crónica 072~2012 | AIFF / MP3 |
Eiffel | Luis Marte | Crónica 071~2012 | AIFF / MP3 |
Five Years on Cold Asphalt | Quarz | Crónica 070~2012 | CD |
eins bis sechzehn | Ephraim Wegner & Julia Weinmann | Crónica 069~2012 | CD |
Heat | Piotr Kurek | Crónica 068~2012 | AIFF / MP3 |
Loud Listening | Various Artists | Crónica 067~2012 | AIFF / MP3 |
Untitled #284 | Francisco López | Crónica 066~2012 | CD |
Crossovers | Various Artists | Crónica 065~2012 | AIFF / MP3 |
Strings[24] | Stephan Mathieu & David Maranha | Crónica 064~2012 | LP |
Mic.Madeira | Simon Whetham & Hugo Olim | Crónica 063~2011 | DVD |
Double Exposure | Janek Schaefer | Crónica 062~2011 | AIFF / MP3 |
Poststop | The Futureplaces Impromptu All-Stars Orchestra | Crónica 061~2011 | CD |
Leftovers (Reworked) | Shinkei + Mise_en_scene | Crónica 060~2011 | AIFF / MP3 |
Humus (2005-2010) | Jazznoize | Crónica 059~2011 | AIFF / MP3 |
Ulrich Seidl E.P. | Oriol Rosell | Crónica 058~2011 | AIFF |
Acute Inbetweens | Lawrence English + Stephen Vitiello | Crónica 057~2011 | CD |
Homem Fantasma | @c | Crónica 056~2011 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Pastoral | Arturas Bumšteinas | Crónica 055~2010 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
So On | Gintas K | Crónica 054~2010 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
strings.lines | Nicolas Bernier | Crónica 053~2010 | CD |
Audible Landscapes | Ephraim Wegner | Crónica 052~2010 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Shattering Silence | Mosaique | Crónica 051~2010 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Crónica L | Various Artists | Crónica 050~2010 | CD |
The Mediterranean Drift | Ran Slavin | Crónica 049~2010 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Passeports | Mathias Delplanque | Crónica 048~2010 | CD |
Fifty Inner Spaces (for JG Ballard) / Girl | Janek Schaefer / Stephan Mathieu | Crónica 047~2009 | 5" vinyl |
Sleppet | Marc Behrens | Crónica 046~2009 | CD |
Home, Sweet Home | Durán Vázquez | Crónica 045~2009 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Erotikon | The Beautiful Schizophonic | Crónica 044~2009 | CD |
The Sound of eBay — Do you know who the father is?, The Sound of eBay — It's getting big? | UBERMORGEN.COM | Crónica 043L~2009 | Woodcut on paper |
1001 Songs of eBay | UBERMORGEN.COM && Nussbaumer | Crónica 043~2009 | MP3 |
Lectures | Piotr Kurek | Crónica 042~2009 | CD |
The Recompiler | Marc Behrens | Crónica 041L~2009 | Lambda print |
Compilation Works 1996-2005 | Marc Behrens | Crónica 041~2009 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Lovely Banalities | Gintas K | Crónica 040~2009 | CD |
Conical | Marius Watz | Crónica 039L~2009 | Archival Inkjet prints |
Digital Sound Drawings | Morten Riis | Crónica 039~2009 | AIFF |
Ification | Pure | Crónica 038~2008 | CD |
Nocturnal Rainbow Rising | Ran Slavin | Crónica 037L~2008 | Lambda print |
Nocturnal Rainbow Rising | Ran Slavin | Crónica 037~2008 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Berlin Backyards | Gilles Aubry | Crónica 036~2008 | CD |
Unique Clouds | Miguel Leal | Crónica 035L~2008 | Rubber stamps |
Is That You? | TU M’ | Crónica 035~2008 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Praxis | Cem Güney | Crónica 034~2008 | CD |
DarkRoseSoundFlower | Pedro Tudela | Crónica 033L~2008 | Lambda print |
Filare | Mosaique | Crónica 033~2008 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Mus*****c | Various Artists | Crónica 032~2008 | Apple Lossless / MP3 |
Up, Down, Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom | @c | Crónica 031~2008 | CD |
Täuschung | Davor Mikan | Crónica 030~2007 | CD |
Musicamorosa | The Beautiful Schizophonic | Crónica 029~2007 | CD |
The Wayward Regional Transmissions | Ran Slavin | Crónica 028~2007 | CD |
Hidden Name | Stephan Mathieu & Janek Schaefer | Crónica 027~2006 | CD |
Leise | Freiband | Crónica 026~2006 | CD |
Flow | Vitor Joaquim | Crónica 025~2006 | CD |
Lengvai / 60 x one minute audio colours of 2 kHz sound | Gintas K | Crónica 024~2006 | 2CD |
Product | Pawel Grabowski / The Beautiful Schizophonic / James Eck Rippie + Paulo Raposo | Crónica 023~2005 | CD |
Happiness will befall | Lawrence English | Crónica 022~2005 | CD |
Essays on Radio: Can I Have 2 Minutes of Your Time? | Various Artists | Crónica 021~2005 | DVD |
Essays on Radio: Can I Have 2 Minutes of Your Time? | Various Artists | Crónica 020~2005 | CD |
Product | Freiband / Boca Raton | Crónica 019~2005 | CD |
King Glitch | Heimir Björgúlfsson & Jonas Ohlsson | Crónica 018~2005 | CD |
Product | Marc Behrens / Paulo Raposo / @c | Crónica 017~2004 | 10" Vinyl |
A Compressed History of Everything Ever Recorded, Vol. 2: Ubiquitous Eternal Live | Autodigest | Crónica 016~2004 | CD |
vous rêvez/ vous ne rêvez pas | tilia | Crónica 015~2004 | CD |
Still Important Somekind Not Normally Seen (Always Not Unfinished) | Björgúlfsson / Pimmon / Thorsson | Crónica 014~2004 | CD |
T-shirt | Miguel Flor | Crónica 013~2004 | T-Shirt |
Two Novels: Gaze / In the Cochlea | o.blaat | Crónica 012~2004 | CD |
Product | Ok.Suitcase / Cáncer | Crónica 011~2004 | CD |
v3 | @c | Crónica 010~2004 | CD |
Product | Ran Slavin | Crónica 009~2004 | CD |
Further Consequences of Reinterpretation | Paulo Raposo / Marc Behrens | Crónica 008~2004 | CD |
Product | Sumugan Sivanesan / Durán Vázquez | Crónica 007~2003 | CD |
A Compressed History of Everything Ever Recorded, Vol. 1 | Autodigest | Crónica 006~2003 | CD |
On Paper | Various Artists | Crónica 005~2003 | 2CD |
La Strada is on Fire (And We Are All Naked) | Vitor Joaquim | Crónica 004~2003 | CD |
!Siam Acnun | Longina | Crónica 003~2003 | CD |
Là Où Je Dors | Pedro Tudela | Crónica 002~2003 | CD |
Hard Disk | @c | Crónica 001~2003 | CD |
References
- "Crónica apresenta o 7º Natal dos Experimentais". 9 November 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Unlimited Releases". Crónica. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- "Limited Releases". Crónica. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- "Rádio Zero". Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- "Crónicaster". Crónica. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- "@c: Entrevista" (in Portuguese). 1 February 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Jardins Efémeros 2013: Catálogo" (PDF) (in Portuguese). July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Goûte Mes Disques | Sleppet - Marc Behrens - la chronique" (in French). 24 February 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Marc Behrens – Queendom Maybe Rise" (in French). 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Goûte Mes Disques | Erotikon - The Beautiful Schizophonic - la chronique" (in French). 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ""Pastoral" reviewed by Resonant Strata". 21 February 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "@c - Up, Down, Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom || Disques | EtherREAL" (in French). 4 October 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "loop - V/A, Crónica L". 31 October 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "BIG ODD: 5 ANOS DE CRÓNICA!" (in Portuguese). 3 April 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ""Is That You?" reviewed by Earlabs". 1 October 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ""Crónica L" reviewed by Textura". 28 October 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Vitor Joaquim - Flow || Disques | EtherREAL" (in French). March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "CEM GÜNEY, Praxis" (in Portuguese). 8 May 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "@c - V3 || Disques | EtherREAL" (in French). 28 June 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Cem Güney - Praxis || Disques | EtherREAL" (in French). June 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Cyclic Defrost: Various Artists – Cronica L (Cronica)". 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "EARLabs review page | Marc Behrens - Sleppet". 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Festival Sónar". 15 June 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- "Review by Scott McMillan". Strings. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.