Cray XMT

Threadstorm3

General information
Launched	2005
Discontinued	2011
Designed by	Cray
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate	500 MHz
HyperTransport speeds	to 300 GT/s
Architecture and classification
Instruction set	MTA ISA
Physical specifications
Cores	1
Socket(s)	Socket 940
History
Predecessor	Cray MTA-2 CPU
Successor	Threadstorm4

Threadstorm3 (referred to as "MT processor"[2] and Threadstorm before XMT2[8]) is a 64-bit single-core VLIW barrel processor (compatible with 940-pin Socket 940 used by AMD Opteron processors) with 128 hardware streams, onto each a software thread can be mapped (effectively creating 128 hardware threads per CPU), running at 500 MHz and using the MTA instruction set or a superset of it.[7][9][nb 1] It has a 128KB, 4-way associative data buffer. Each Threadstorm3 has 128 separate register sets and program counters (one per each stream), which are fairly[10] fully context-switched at each cycle.[5] Its estimated peak performance is 1.5 GFLOPS. It has 3 functional units (memory, fused multiply-add and control), which receive operations from the same MTA instruction and operate within the same cycle.[7] Each stream has 32 general-purpose registers, 8 target registers and a status word, containing the program counter.[6] High-level control of job allocation across threads is not possible.[5][nb 2] Due to the MTA's pipeline length of 21, each stream is selected to execute instructions again no prior than 21 cycles later.[11] The TDP of the processor package is 30 W.[12]

Due to their thread-level context switch at each cycle, performance of Threadstorm CPUs is not constrained by memory access time. In a simplified model, at each clock cycle an instruction from one of the threads is executed and another memory request is queued with the understanding that by the time the next round of execution is ready the requested data has arrived.[13] This is contrary to many conventional architectures which stall on memory access. The architecture excels in data walking schemes where subsequent memory access cannot be easily predicted and thus wouldn't be well suited to a conventional cache model.[1] Threadstorm's principal architect was Burton J. Smith.[1]

Cray XMT2[3] (also "next-generation XMT"[8] or simply XMT[6]) is a scalable multithreaded shared memory supercomputer by Cray, based on the fourth generation of the Tera MTA architecture.[5] Presented in 2011, it supersedes Cray XMT, which had issues with memory hotspots.[8] It uses Threadstorm4 CPUs inside Cray XT5 blades and increases memory capacity eightfold to 512 TB and memory bandwidth trifold (300 MHz instead 200 MHz) compared to XMT by using twice the memory modules per node and DDR2.[6][8] It introduces the Node Pair Link inter-Threadstorm connect, as well as memory-only nodes, with Threadstorm4 packages having their CPU and HyperTransport 1.x components disabled.[5] The underlying scrambled content-addressable memory model has been inherited from XMT. XMT2 uses 2 additional EMS bits (full/empty and extended) instead of 4 as in XMT.

Threadstorm4

Threadstorm4

General information
Launched	2011
Discontinued	2015?
Designed by	Cray
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate	500 MHz
HyperTransport speeds	to 400 GT/s
Architecture and classification
Instruction set	MTA ISA
Physical specifications
Cores	1
Socket(s)	Socket F
History
Predecessor	Threadstorm3

Threadstorm4 (also "Threadstorm IV"[1] and "Threadstorm 4.0"[nb 3]) is a 64-bit single-core VLIW barrel processor (compatible with 1207-pin Socket F used by AMD Opteron processors) with 128 hardware streams, very similar to its predecessor, Threadstorm3. It features an improved, DDR2-capable memory controller and additional 8 trap registers per stream. Cray intentionally decided against a DDR3 controller, citing the reusing of existing Cray XT5 infrastructure[nb 4] and a shorter burst length than DDR3.[nb 5] Though the longer burst length could be compensated by higher speeds of DDR3, it would also require more power, which Cray engineers wanted to avoid.[8]

After launching XMT, Cray researched a possible multi-core variant of the Threadstorm3, dubbed Scorpio. Most of Threadstorm3's features would be retained, including the multiplexing of many hardware streams onto an execution pipeline and the implementation of additional state bits for every 64-bit memory word. Cray later abandoned Scorpio, and the project yielded no manufactured chip.[3]

Development on Threadstorm4, as well as the whole MTA architecture, ended silently after XMT2, probably due to competition from commodity processors such as Intel's Xeon[14] and possibly Xeon Phi, even though Cray never officially discontinued neither XMT nor XMT2. As of 2020, Cray has removed all customer documentation on both XMT and XMT2 from its online catalogue.

Cray XMT2 was bought by several federal laboratories and academic facilities, as well as some commercial HPC clients: e.g. CSCS (2 TB global memory with 64 Threadstorm4 CPUs),[15] Noblis CAHPC.[16] Most of XMT and XMT2-based systems have been decommissioned by 2020.